a b Olivé, I.; Vergara, J. J.; Pérez-Lloréns, J. L. (2013). "Photosynthetic and morphological photoacclimation of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa to season, depth and leaf position". Marine Biology. 160 (2): 285–297. doi: 10.1007/s00227-012-2087-2. S2CID 86386210. Lee, Kun-Seop; Park, Sang Rul; Kim, Young Kyun (2007). "Effects of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: A review". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 350 (1–2): 144–175. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.016. Seagrass beds/meadows can be either monospecific (made up of a single species) or in mixed beds. In temperate areas, usually one or a few species dominate (like the eelgrass Zostera marina in the North Atlantic), whereas tropical beds usually are more diverse, with up to thirteen species recorded in the Philippines. [ citation needed] Klap, VA; Hemminga, MA; Boon, JJ (2000). "Retention of lignin in seagrasses:angiosperms that returned to the sea". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 194: 1–11. Bibcode: 2000MEPS..194....1K. doi: 10.3354/meps194001. Natural England and ReMEDIES partners plan to extend the benefits of this work beyond the UK to assist with international marine recovery efforts. Techniques and evidence gathered will be captured and shared with marine conservation organisations across Europe to allow them to learn from and replicate the work.

Silva, Juliana M. C.; Dantas-Santos, Nednaldo; Gomes, Dayanne L.; Costa, Leandro S.; Cordeiro, Sara L.; Costa, Mariana S. S. P.; Silva, Naisandra B.; Freitas, Maria L.; Scortecci, Katia Castanho; Leite, Edda L.; Rocha, Hugo A. O. (2012). "Biological activities of the sulfated polysaccharide from the vascular plant Halodule wrightii". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 22: 94–101. doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000199. As we stare a climate and biodiversity emergency in the face, it’s fantastic to see the enthusiasm and hard work of so many people of all ages and walks of life supporting our project to help combat these global emergencies. To realise the larger scale benefits of seagrass restoration for helping mitigate climate change and supporting our beleaguered fisheries, we need the UK government to commit to a programme of ocean recovery as part of its net zero commitment.” We are so proud of how many volunteers are willing to dedicate their time to help restore such an important habitat, within what is going to be the UK’s first ever National Marine Park.Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Byng, James W. (20 May 2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. ISSN 1179-3163. Xu, Shaochun; Zhou, Yi; Wang, Pengmei; Wang, Feng; Zhang, Xiaomei; Gu, Ruiting (2016). "Salinity and temperature significantly influence seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth of eelgrass Zostera marinaL". PeerJ. 4: e2697. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2697. PMC 5119234. PMID 27896031. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

den Hartog, C. 1970. The Sea-grasses of the World. Verhandl. der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde, No. 59(1). Nordlund, L. M.; Unsworth, R. K. F.; Gullstrom, M.; Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2018). "Global significance of seagrass fishery activity". Fish and Fisheries. 19 (3): 399–412. doi: 10.1111/faf.12259. Montefalcone, M.; Giovannetti, E.; Morri, C.; Peirano, A.; Bianchi, C. N. (2013). "Flowering of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in NW Mediterranean: Is there a link with solar activity?". Mediterranean Marine Science. 14 (2): 416. doi: 10.12681/mms.529. S2CID 85362624. These events take a lot of hard work, planning and preparation, and wouldn’t be successful without the help of our community. Tomlinson and Vargo (1966). "On the morphology and anatomy of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae). I. Vegetative Morphology". Bulletin of Marine Science. 16: 748–761.Although often overlooked, seagrasses provide a number of ecosystem services. [79] [80] Seagrasses are considered ecosystem engineers. [81] [14] [13] This means that the plants alter the ecosystem around them. This adjusting occurs in both physical and chemical forms. Many seagrass species produce an extensive underground network of roots and rhizome which stabilizes sediment and reduces coastal erosion. [82] This system also assists in oxygenating the sediment, providing a hospitable environment for sediment-dwelling organisms. [81] Seagrasses also enhance water quality by stabilizing heavy metals, pollutants, and excess nutrients. [83] [14] [13] The long blades of seagrasses slow the movement of water which reduces wave energy and offers further protection against coastal erosion and storm surge. Furthermore, because seagrasses are underwater plants, they produce significant amounts of oxygen which oxygenate the water column. These meadows account for more than 10% of the ocean's total carbon storage. Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO 2 annually. [84]

Despite only covering 0.1 - 0.2% of the ocean’s surface, seagrasses form critically important ecosystems. Much like many other regions of the ocean, seagrasses have been faced with an accelerating global decline. [115] Since the late 19th century, over 20% of the global seagrass area has been lost, with seagrass bed loss occurring at a rate of 1.5% each year. [116] Of the 72 global seagrass species, approximately one quarter (15 species) could be considered at a Threatened or Near Threatened status on the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species. [117] Threats include a combination of natural factors, such as storms and disease, and anthropogenic in origin, including habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. [115]A.W.D. Larkum, R.J. Orth, and C.M. Duarte (eds). Seagrass Biology: A Treatise. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, in press. Seagrasses are also negatively affected by changing global climatic conditions. Increased weather events, sea level rise, and higher temperatures as a result of global warming all have the potential to induce widespread seagrass loss. An additional threat to seagrass beds is the introduction of non-native species. For seagrass beds worldwide, at least 28 non-native species have become established. Of these invasive species, the majority (64%) have been documented to infer negative effects on the ecosystem. [120] Other plants that colonised the sea, such as salt marsh plants, mangroves, and marine algae, have more diverse evolutionary lineages. In spite of their low species diversity, seagrasses have succeeded in colonising the continental shelves of all continents except Antarctica. [16] The Marine Conservation Society is the UK’s leading charity for the protection of our seas, shores and wildlife. Plymouth City Council/Tamar Estuaries Consultative Forum Grey, William; Moffler, Mark (1987). "Flowering of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitacea) in the Tampa Bay, Florida area". Aquatic Botany. 5: 251–259. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(78)90068-2.