The synthesis and emphasis affordances must support different user groups' internalisation of knowledge and manage their expectations. These affordances may in turn facilitate improved information quality as a key antecedent of user satisfaction in open e-learning Liaw, S.-S. and Huang, H.-M. ( 2013), “ Perceived satisfaction, perceived usefulness and interactive learning environments as predictors to self-regulation in e-learning environments”, Computers and Education, Vol. 60 No. 1, pp. 14- 24. Goldkuhl, G. and Lind, M. ( 2010), “ A multi-grounded design research process”, in Global Perspectives on Design Science Research, Springer, pp. 45- 60.

Dodgson, M., Salter, A. and Gann, D. ( 2005), Think, Play, Do: Innovation, Techology, and Organization, Oxford Univ. Press, New York. Three principal points of relevance can be determined from these findings to avoid expensive failure: Mumford, E. ( 1983), Designing Human Systems for New Technology: The ETHICS Method, Manchester Business School, Manchester. Secondly, we present key learnings for supporting the design of more user-centred open e-learning platforms through iterative and collaborative piloting with diverse user groups. The insights gained from this can help designers, developers, and instructors to enhance the delivery of open e-learning, and ultimately deliver more positive user experiences through affordance personalisation. We suggest the personalisation of open e-learning affordances may be pivotal for bridging gaps and accommodating different learning profiles (e.g. experts vs. less experienced users), demographics and contextual factors ( Esteban-Millat et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2008). Our research therefore contributes practical insights into the importance of user engagement in open e-learning, not only for identifying affordance gaps during technical development, but also in gauging user satisfaction and continuance behaviour.

XR includes AR, MR, VR, and any technology—even those that have yet to be developed—situated at any point of the virtuality continuum. Liedtka, J. ( 2014), “ Innovative ways companies are using design thinking”, Strategy and Leadership, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 40- 45.

It’s really important to understand we’re not seeing reality. We’re seeing a story that’s being created for us.” One way of understanding the design–reality gap is through the lens of functional affordances, the “possibilities for action” offered by an IT artefact which allow users to accomplish individual or collective goals ( Gibson, 1986; Hausvik and Thapa, 2017; Markus and Silver, 2008; Strong et al., 2014; Volkoff and Strong, 2013). As outlined by Markus and Silver (2008), affordance theory explores the relationship between a designed system feature, and users' perception of this system feature which is interpreted through the possibilities for goal-oriented action that it provides. Functional affordances therefore consider both the materiality of technical objects (e.g. an open e-learning platform) and their relationship with users as agents of change ( Leonardi, 2013; Zammuto et al., 2007). Our extended conceptual model explores the implications of openness for affordance theory. It does so by considering how the low barriers to entry in open e-learning requires design teams to recognise and then accommodate the diverse levels of knowledge, topic awareness and technology skills of different user groups. In the absence of this recognition, some open e-learning users (e.g. those with limited prior knowledge or poor IT literacy) may end up being marginalised, as their actualisation of affordances would be inhibited in certain contexts. Our findings suggest that personalisation of open IT affordances is therefore required to adjust to the needs of different users (e.g. ensuring accessibility across learning pathway and navigation clarity). For many, the theme of the reality show competition – ‘be bold, be you’ – sits at odds with what the company has come to signify.

Richard undertook the original benchmark study of the Indian software industry. He subsequently developed the Software Export Success Model, and analysed the software sector using models of competitive advantage. Subsequent work analysed the emerging mass of digital enterprise including " impact sourcing" and inclusive digital innovation. Rebecca and Mathias met at the Domain-Driven Design Europe 2017 conference in Amsterdam, and started collaborating on these essays in 2021. Doctoral (PhD) study opportunities fall within the general areas of research covered by the Centre for Digital Development or the more specific areas described in my own “Research and projects” tab. Can you tell us more about why act4eco did not inspire or help you make changes in terms of energy consumption? OECD ( 2015), “ Survey of adults skills”, Retrieved from available at: http://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/.

If you think the Sensorama of the early 1960s looks silly, imagine what your grandchildren are going to say about the Oculus Rift. Via Wikimedia Commons. Nevertheless, further research is needed to explore how the functional affordances of an IT system dynamically shape individual and collective action. While prior studies on usability and user requirements have primarily focused on the design of system features, affordance theory shifts attention towards the possibilities for action that a system ' s feature provides users across different contexts of use. Affordance research is therefore distinct in its focus on user perceptions and goal-oriented actions. Further research on affordance theory can provide insights into how individual and collective goals shape use intention, offering a complementary (rather than contradictory) perspective to prior studies on usability and user requirements. 3. Methodology For the most part, your goal is to duplicate reality, so try to rely on as many natural gestures as possible. The less “controls” your user has to learn, the easier it will be to immerse themselves. Use distinct signals based on reality Data collection took place during the six-month piloting phase between January and June 2020. Piloting was completed in all nine countries. However, for the purposes of this paper, we will draw on representative findings from two countries in particular: Ireland and Finland. These countries were purposefully selected to provide in-depth findings on two diverse samples of users. While the level of energy awareness is quite high among citizens in Finland, Ireland comes from a lower base of understanding ( Kahma et al., 2021). This is despite the comparable efforts that both national governments have undertaken to promote sustainable energy use ( Kahma et al., 2021). As in real life, almost all of a VR design’s interactions involve the hands. Your user’s hands are their best tools for exploring the environment, so encourage them to hold them upright and at the ready. When the user can see their hands in the virtual environment, it’s easier (and more fun) to interact with objects. Again, this may require creative problem-solving, but sometimes it’s just as simple as having them carry around an object. VR’s success depends on designersThe acquisition will further Full Support Group ambitions to become a UK-based manufacturer of RPE and PPE, with investment into the Wales operation to develop prototype manufacturing of the respirator masks and other products, and the building of a new innovation and manufacturing facility in Northamptonshire to serve the whole of the UK and export markets. Design Reality were recently accredited with the “Made in Britain” mark, a sign of quality and commitment in investment in local jobs and communities. The investment by Full Support Group will help to secure many jobs in Wales, as well as create many more new manufacturing jobs in Northamptonshire and around the UK. As part of Full Support Group, Design Reality will retain its brand identity and continue to operate as a stand-alone provider of design and engineering services to the market, while offering particular specialisms and synergies to Full Support Healthcare as we continue to lead the market in PPE & RPE. Ruijer, E., Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Hogan, M., Enzerink, S., Ojo, A. and Meijer, A. ( 2017), “ Connecting societal issues, users and data. Scenario-based design of open data platforms”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 470- 480. Richard is the moderator of a number of online workspaces dealing with ICTs and international development. These include workspaces covering best practice and case guidance on e-Government; on the digital economy; and on ICTs, climate change and resilience. Richard also leads the LinkedIn group dealing with ICT4D. Zammuto, R.F., Griffith, T.L., Majchrzak, A., Dougherty, D.J. and Faraj, S. ( 2007), “ Information technology and the changing fabric of organization”, Organization Science, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 749- 762.

Information is provided on each module's estimated “duration”, “financial cost”, “difficulty” and “green” impact associated with each ACT4ECO theme

The Take Away

Qualitative thematic analysis (cf. Braun and Clarke, 2006) and descriptive statistics were used by the authors to analyse participants' responses. Four authors coded the data over three phases, comparing and reconciling their findings where necessary. During the first phase, the authors began by continuously rereading the transcribed content to generate a set of initial codes which were judged as meaningful and important to the research question. Initial codes centred on ACT4ECO's features and the possibilities of actions (i.e. affordances) that these features provided users. The second phase of coding involved grouping the initial codes together to form overarching thematic categories of codes to help organise and refine the content according to similar types of affordances. We allowed for new affordances emerging from the data over time, with new categories also created as necessary to help further refine the content. The authors met regularly to make sense of the data and critique thematic categories to ensure this was representative of the data. Lastly, the authors generated a storyline around the research using the aggregated codes. Collective reasoning continued throughout this phase of thematic analysis until a point of saturation was reached, and further analysis did not contribute new interpretations, but rather supported existing ones ( Braun and Clarke, 2006). Figure 3 presents a full list of codes across the three phases of our thematic analysis. Environment—Unlike desktop experiences, AR happens anywhere. So, the aim is primarily for users’ contexts regarding whether they’re outdoors/indoors and moving/static. Whatever their setting, users expect pleasurable, user-friendly experiences. AR UX’s Rob Manson stipulates user scenarios: The spike in VR development has people split over whether VR is the next big thing or just this year’s big thing. uForis VR logo design by Descience Feller, J., Finnegan, P., Fitzgerald, B. and Hayes, J. ( 2008), “ From peer production to productization: a study of socially enabled business exchanges in open source service networks”, Information Systems Research, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 475- 493. For the time being, VR remains most popular in the entertainment industry. There’s no limit to the number of fun and creative ways to use VR recreationally, from appreciating Rembrandt in a new way, to watching movies in Netflix’s virtual home theater. And that “flying through the air like a bird” comment above wasn’t a joke.