Sydney experiences an urban heat island effect. [134] This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs. [134] [135] In late spring and summer, temperatures over 35°C (95°F) are not uncommon, [136] though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a southerly buster, [137] a powerful southerly that brings gale winds and a rapid fall in temperature. [138] Since Sydney is downwind of the Great Dividing Range, it occasionally experiences dry, westerly foehn winds typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures). [139] [140] [141] Westerly winds are intense when the Roaring Forties (or the Southern Annular Mode) shift towards southeastern Australia, [142] where they may damage homes and affect flights, in addition to making the temperature seem colder than it actually is. [143] [144]

The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC - Research Network. Globalization and World Cities . Retrieved 31 August 2020. Ellmoos, Leila. "Australian Museum". The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library oif New South Wales . Retrieved 2 August 2022. a b c "History of City of Sydney council". City of Sydney. September 2020 . Retrieved 30 July 2020. Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie despatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the Appin massacre (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed. [68] [69] Colonial city (1841–1900) [ edit ] In 2021, Christianity was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were Catholicism at 23.1% and Anglicanism at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were Islam (6.3%), Hinduism (4.8%), Buddhism (3.8%), Sikhism (0.7%), and Judaism (0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions. [11]Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 24 September 2019 . Retrieved 5 January 2020. The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000. [317] With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953. [318] For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000. [319] The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150. [1] The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) projects the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9million by 2061, but that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2026. [320] [321] The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile). [322] Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate. [323] Sydney (Observatory Hill)". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 15 November 2013.

The Centennial Parklands is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising 189ha (470 acres). [259] Northern Sydney' may also include the suburbs in the Upper North Shore, Lower North Shore and the Northern Beaches. a b "Sydney area an 'urban heat island' vulnerable to extreme temperatures". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016. The Upper Nepean Scheme came into operation in 1886. It transports water 100km (62mi) from the Nepean, Cataract, and Cordeaux rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs. [444] Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935. [444] In 1977 the Shoalhaven Scheme brought several more dams into service. [445]

Streets in Sydney

The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%. [286] It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals. [250] [287] The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers. [250] The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%). [2] The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney. [288] Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2019 . Retrieved 2 August 2022.

The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older. [250] 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married. [250] 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families. [250] Ancestry and immigration [ edit ] Country of birth (2021) [11] Birthplace [N 1]Herbert, Chris; Helby, Robin (1980). A Guide to the Sydney basin (1ed.). Maitland: Geological Survey of New South Wales. p.582. ISBN 0-7240-1250-8. Further information: Greater Western Sydney Parramatta, a major commercial centre of Greater Western Sydney, is often coined as Sydney's "second CBD" Latta, David (2006). "Showcase destinations Sydney, Australia: the harbour city". Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014. The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is the Cumberland Plain Woodland in Western Sydney ( Cumberland Plain), [107] followed by the Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest in the Inner West and Northern Sydney, [108] the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub in the coastline and the Blue Gum High Forest scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered. [109] [110] The city also includes the Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland found in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park on the Hornsby Plateau to the north. [111] Southerly Buster" Relieves City". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 17 December 1953. p.1 . Retrieved 27 March 2015.