Contrary to the belief that the USSR state flag outranked the flag of the RSFSR, the actual use of the USSR flag was limited. The USSR flag in Russia flew only over two buildings, that of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars. That decision was adopted on 23 March 1925, also establishing that the flag of the RSFSR had to be raised constantly not only on the buildings of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars but also on the buildings of all local soviets, including village soviets and district soviets in cities. On holidays, the RSFSR flag had to be raised on many public buildings (such as schools, hospitals, and government offices). [27] Patch of the First Russian National Army, one of the German-collaborationist militias which fought the Red Army during World War II

Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. [501] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations. [502] Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female, [10] due to its high male mortality rate. [503] In 2021, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 70.06 years (65.51 years for males and 74.51 years for females), [504] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). [505] After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. [151] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. [152] After becoming the world's second nuclear power, [153] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance, [154] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivalling United States and NATO. [155] Khrushchev Thaw reforms and economic development Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

a b Chevalier, Joan F. (2006). "Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation". Russian Language Journal. American Councils for International Education ACTR / ACCELS. 56: 25–36. JSTOR 43669126. A variant of the flag was authorized for private use by Tsar Nicholas II before World War I, adding the large state eagle on a yellow field (imperial standard) in the canton. It has never been used as the official state flag. Likewise, today some Russian people may use another variant of the flag defaced with the coat of arms (in this case the double-headed eagle is depicted without the shield) in the middle and the golden word РОССИЯ at the bottom. [46] The album of national flags, published by the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Navy (France), gives the following shades of colours of the flag of Russia in Pantone: [45] Scheme Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the southernmost regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642m (18,510ft) is the highest peak in Russia and Europe); [10] the Altai and Sayan Mountains in Siberia; and in the East Siberian Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at 4,750m (15,584ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia). [223] [224] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. [225] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. [226]

In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6. [428] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2. [429] Main articles: Rus' Khaganate; Kievan Rus'; and List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine Kievan Rus' after the Council of Liubech in 1097

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Russia, by 1993 constitution, is a symmetric (with the possibility of an asymmetric configuration) federation. Unlike the Soviet asymmetric model of the RSFSR, where only republics were "subjects of the federation", the current constitution raised the status of other regions to the level of republics and made all regions equal with the title "subject of the federation". The regions of Russia have reserved areas of competence, but no regions have sovereignty, do not have the status of a sovereign state, do not have the right to indicate any sovereignty in their constitutions and do not have the right to secede from the country. The laws of the regions cannot contradict federal laws. [261] In 1957, Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard Sputnik 2. [430] In 1966, Luna9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, the Moon. [431] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon. [432] In 1970, Venera7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, Venus. [433] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. [434] :34–60 During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover, [435] while Salyut1 became the world's first space station. [436] Nieuwe Hollandse scheeps-bouw, Amsteldam: C. Allard, 1695". Internet Archive contributed by National Library of the Netherlands. Allard, Carel. 1695. In the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, there is an image of the banner of Ivan the Terrible in the Kazan campaign – a bifurcated white one with the image of the Saviour and an eight-pointed cross above it. According to other sources, the banner was red instead of white. A copy of this banner, which has been restored many times, is still kept in the Kremlin Armoury. The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus'. [549] Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. [550] Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. [551] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. [552] In the 17th-century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1680s. [553]