Legal Gender Recognition in China: A Legal and Policy Review" (PDF). UNDP. 2018-08-05. [ permanent dead link] a b c "State-Sponsored Discrimination, 11th edition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 2014. [ permanent dead link] LGBTQ rights in mainland China looking gloomy after Taiwan's new ruling on same-sex marriage The Conversation

Precarious Progress: Advocacy for the Human Rights of LGBT People in China | Outright International". outrightinternational.org . Retrieved 2023-03-12.

Lesbian women in China: when the family pressure leads to marriage of convenience

Physical health requirements effectively bar transgender people have undergone or undergoing medical transition from serving) [167] Murphy, Colum (11 November 2021). "China's First Clinic for Transgender Kids Opens in Shanghai". Bloomberg News. Sexual Minorities: Their Treatment Across the World". Xpats.io. January 11, 2010 . Retrieved November 7, 2021.

One of the earliest mentions of the actor-prostitutes who would become common later in Chinese history is also from the Jin dynasty. [18] In 2001, the Beijing Queer Film Festival was founded by LGBT film director Cui Zi'en, with the intention to be community-led, although in subsequent years faced regular cancellations by the Beijing authorities, media censorship and police raids, as reported in a 2011 documentary by Chinese filmmaker Yang Yang, entitled Our Story: The Beijing Queer Film Festival's 10 Years of "Guerrilla Warfare" (我們的故事：北京酷兒影展十年游擊戰). [58] Study shows growing support for same-sex marriage in Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. July 3, 2018. During the evaluation of the amendment of the marriage law in the Chinese mainland in 2003, there was the first discussion about same-sex marriage. Though this issue was rejected, this was the first time that an item of gay rights was discussed in China. However, just not long before the new marriage law went into effect, an officer stated in a press conference that same-sex marriage is still forbidden in China, on August 19, 2003. Chinese homosexuals did not experience persecution which would compare to that experienced by homosexuals in Christian Europe during the Middle Ages, and in some areas, particularly among the merchant classes, same-sex love was particularly appreciated. There was a stereotype in the late Ming dynasty that the province of Fujian was the only place where homosexuality was prominent, [17] but Xie Zhaozhe (1567–1624) wrote that "from Jiangnan and Zhejiang to Beijing and Shanxi, there is none that does not know of this fondness." [17] European Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci took note of what they deemed "unnatural perversions", distressed over its often open and public nature. [18] Historian Timothy Brook writes that abhorrence of sexual norms went both ways, since "the celibate Jesuits were rich food for sexual speculation among the Chinese." [17] Chinese writers typically made fun of these men, insisting that the only reason they condemned homosexuality was because they were forced to refrain from sexual pleasure as they were celibate. [12] [19]

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The aristocratic poet Yu Xin was representative of the more subtle system of patronage which existed without the stigma of prostitution, whereby a poorer or younger man could provide sexual service to a more established man in return for political advancement. Yu Xin opened his home and provided a standing reference for the younger Wang Shao, who repaid him by serving as a sort of butler and sex provider. Wang Shao went on to become an official censor. [22] According to a survey conducted by Peking University, Chinese trans female students face strong discrimination in many areas of education. [69] Sex segregation is found everywhere in Chinese schools and universities: student enrollment (for some special schools, universities and majors), appearance standards ( hairstyles and uniforms included), private spaces (bathrooms, toilets and dormitories included), physical examinations, military trainings, conscription, PE classes and exams and physical health tests. Chinese students are required to attend all the activities according to their legal gender marker. It is also difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees in China, even after sex reassignment surgery, which results in discrimination against well-educated trans women. [70] [71]

The number of Chinese identifying as homosexual remains unclear. The Ministry of Health estimated there were five to 10 million homosexuals in the Chinese mainland (0.4–0.8% of the population), aged between 15 and 65 in 2006. Sociologist Li Yinhe estimates it is between 36 and 48 million. [60] One statement based on Chinese government documents and academic studies states that the figure is 15 million. An official statistic, as quoted in a news report in China Daily, put the figure for mainland China at "approximately 30 million" (2.3% of the population), though it admitted many Chinese would not openly declare their sexual orientation. [61] Gay Chinese man wins legal battle over forced conversion therapy". BBC. 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017. The Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China ( Chinese: 中华 人民 共 和 国 婚姻 法, pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Hūnyīn Fǎ), adopted at the third session of the Fifth National People's Congress on September 10, 1980, defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman. [32] [33] Writings from the Liu Song dynasty era (420–479 CE) claim that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality. It is said that men engaged so often in homosexual activity, that unmarried women became jealous. [3] Tang dynasty [ edit ]With the rise of the Tang dynasty, China became increasingly influenced by the sexual mores of foreigners from Western and Central Asia, and female companions began to accumulate the political power previously accumulated by male companions at the imperial court. [23] At the same time, the actual power of the imperial court was in decline relative to intermediate rule by scholar-bureaucrats. The first negative term for homosexuality in Chinese- 'jijian', connoting illicit sexuality- appears at this time. [24]