Podolak, M.; Reynolds, R. T.; Young, R. (1990). "Post Voyager comparisons of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune". Geophysical Research Letters (Submitted manuscript). 17 (10): 1737–1740. Bibcode: 1990GeoRL..17.1737P. doi: 10.1029/GL017i010p01737. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020 . Retrieved 8 September 2020. Elkins-Tanton, L. T.; Smrekar, S. E.; Hess, P. C.; Parmentier, E. M. (March 2007). "Volcanism and volatile recycling on a one-plate planet: Applications to Venus". Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (E4). Bibcode: 2007JGRE..112.4S06E. doi: 10.1029/2006JE002793. E04S06.

Solar System - Wikipedia Solar System - Wikipedia

cos ⁡ ψ = cos ⁡ ( β g ) cos ⁡ ( β e ) cos ⁡ ( α g − α e ) + sin ⁡ ( β g ) sin ⁡ ( β e ) {\displaystyle \cos \psi =\cos(\beta _{g})\cos(\beta _{e})\cos(\alpha _{g}-\alpha _{e})+\sin(\beta _{g})\sin(\beta _{e})}IAU Planet Definition Committee". International Astronomical Union. 2006. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2009.

My Very Own Solar System: A Review | Blissful Domestication My Very Own Solar System: A Review | Blissful Domestication

Placxo, Kevin W.; Gross, Michael (2006). Astrobiology: a brief introduction. JHU Press. p.66. ISBN 978-0-8018-8367-5. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021 . Retrieved 12 November 2020. Alexander, Amir (2006). "New Horizons Set to Launch on 9-Year Voyage to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 8 November 2006. My Very Own Solar System set will help you explore the wonders of the universe from the comfort of your home. This amazing remote controlled, motorised mobile has eight detailed planets that orbit the full sun.Overview: Titan". NASA Science: Solar System Exploration. 27 June 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022. Dyches, Preston; Chou, Felcia (7 April 2015). "The Solar System and Beyond is Awash in Water". NASA . Retrieved 8 April 2015.

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There are an unknown number of smaller dwarf planets and innumerable small bodies orbiting the Sun. [d] These objects are distributed in the asteroid belt that lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc that lies beyond Neptune's orbit and at even further reaches of the Solar System (in which case they are classified as extreme trans-Neptunian objects). There is consensus among astronomers on the classification of the following nine objects as dwarf planets: the asteroid Ceres, the Kuiper-belt objects Pluto, Orcus, Haumea, Quaoar, and Makemake, and the scattered-disc objects Gonggong, Eris, and Sedna. [d] Many small-body populations, including comets, centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds, freely travel between the regions of the Solar System. Piccirillo, Lucio (2020). Introduction to the Maths and Physics of the Solar System. CRC Press. p.210. ISBN 978-0429682803. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022 . Retrieved 10 May 2022. Batygin, Konstantin; Brown, Michael E. (20 June 2010). "Early Dynamical Evolution of the Solar System: Pinning Down the Initial Conditions of the Nice Model". The Astrophysical Journal. 716 (2): 1323–1331. arXiv: 1004.5414. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...716.1323B. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1323. S2CID 7609851. Because the Sun fuses hydrogen into helium at its core, it is a main-sequence star. More specifically, it is a G2-type main-sequence star, where the type designation refers to its effective temperature. Hotter main-sequence stars are more luminous but shorter lived. The Sun's temperature is intermediate between that of the hottest stars and that of the coolest stars. Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun are rare, whereas substantially dimmer and cooler stars, known as red dwarfs, make up about 75% of the stars in the Milky Way. [83] [84] Besides Pluto, astronomers generally agree that at least four other Kuiper belt objects are dwarf planets, [157] though there is some doubt for Orcus, [164] and additional bodies have also been proposed: [165]Fourth dwarf planet named Makemake". International Astronomical Union. 19 July 2009. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2022. The next closest known fusors to the Sun are the red dwarfs Barnard's Star (at 5.9ly), Wolf 359 (7.8ly), and Lalande 21185 (8.3ly). [220] The nearest brown dwarfs belong to the binary Luhman 16 system (6.6ly), and the closest known rogue or free-floating planetary-mass object at less than 10 Jupiter masses is the sub-brown dwarf WISE 0855−0714 (7.4ly). [221] Bouvier, A.; Wadhwa, M. (2010). "The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 637–641. Bibcode: 2010NatGe...3..637B. doi: 10.1038/NGEO941. S2CID 56092512. a b "Latest Published Data". The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019 . Retrieved 14 August 2023. Benz, W.; Slattery, W.L.; Cameron, A.G.W. (1988). "Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle". Icarus (Submitted manuscript). 74 (3): 516–528. Bibcode: 1988Icar...74..516B. doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(88)90118-2. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019 . Retrieved 25 August 2019.

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Main article: Discovery and exploration of the Solar System The motion of 'lights' moving across the sky is the basis of the classical definition of planets: wandering stars. van Albada, T.S.; Baker, Norman (1973). "On the Two Oosterhoff Groups of Globular Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 185: 477–498. Bibcode: 1973ApJ...185..477V. doi: 10.1086/152434. Hawksett, David; Longstaff, Alan; Cooper, Keith; Clark, Stuart (2005). "10 Mysteries of the Solar System". Astronomy Now. 19 (8): 65. Bibcode: 2005AsNow..19h..65H. Short-period comets have orbits lasting less than two hundred years. Long-period comets have orbits lasting thousands of years. Short-period comets are thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, whereas long-period comets, such as Hale–Bopp, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. Many comet groups, such as the Kreutz sungrazers, formed from the breakup of a single parent. [152] Some comets with hyperbolic orbits may originate outside the Solar System, but determining their precise orbits is difficult. [153] Old comets whose volatiles have mostly been driven out by solar warming are often categorised as asteroids. [154] Trans-Neptunian region Distribution and size of trans-Neptunian objects. The horizontal axis stand for the semi-major axis of the body, the vertical axis stands for the inclination of the orbit, and the size of the circle stands for the relative size of the object. Size comparison of some large TNOs with Earth: Pluto and its moons, Eris, Makemake, Haumea, Sedna, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, Salacia, and 2002 MS 4. Rogers, John H. (1995). The giant planet Jupiter. Cambridge University Press. p.293. ISBN 978-0521410083. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022 . Retrieved 13 April 2022.Much of the Solar System is still unknown. The Sun's gravitational field is estimated to dominate the gravitational forces of surrounding stars out to about two light-years (125,000 AU). Lower estimates for the radius of the Oort cloud, by contrast, do not place it farther than 50,000 AU. [202] Most of the mass is orbiting in the region between 3,000 and 100,000 AU. [203] Despite discoveries such as Sedna, the region between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud, an area tens of thousands of AU in radius, is still virtually unmapped. Learning about this region of space is difficult, because it depends upon inferences from those few objects whose orbits happen to be perturbed such that they fall closer to the Sun, and even then, detecting these objects has often been possible only when they happened to become bright enough to register as comets. [204] Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System's uncharted regions. [205] The furthest known objects, such as Comet West, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun. [206] Comparison with other star systems Habitable zones of TRAPPIST-1 and the Solar System; here, the TRAPPIST-1 system is enlarged 25 times. The displayed planetary surfaces on TRAPPIST-1 are speculative.