Karlin, Susan. "Case Study: Can You Hear Me Now?". RT-Image.com. Valley Forge Publishing. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Rose, Bruce. "Comparing MEMS and Electret Condenser (ECM) Microphones". CUIDevices.com . Retrieved March 27, 2023.

Boudet's Microphone". Machine-History.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015 . Retrieved December 9, 2009. Estreich, Bob. "David Edward Hughes". Archived from the original on November 1, 2019 . Retrieved December 30, 2013. Some of the mics on this list offer different options for audio patterns: Bidirectional, cardioid, omnidirectional and stereo. Others offer only cardioid. Here's a brief explanation of each pattern, to help you decide which one to use:Since all wind noise is generated at the first surface the air hits, the greater the spacing between the shield periphery and microphone capsule, the greater the noise attenuation. For an approximately spherical shield, attenuation increases by (approximately) the cube of that distance. Thus larger shields are always much more efficient than smaller ones. [ citation needed] With full basket windshields there is an additional pressure chamber effect, first explained by Joerg Wuttke, [65] which, for two-port (pressure gradient) microphones, allows the shield/microphone combination to act as a high-pass acoustic filter. Since shotgun microphones are directional, they’re excellent for capturing natural sounding dialogue. Just aim it at the chin or upper chest, stay about 2-3 feet away from the subject’s mouth, and pay attention to your frame so the mic doesn’t end up in the shot. It’s common to record dialogue above your talent, but you may also record it below your talent depending on the situation. Experiment with what works best and sounds great. A new type of laser microphone is a device that uses a laser beam and smoke or vapor to detect sound vibrations in free air. On August 25, 2009, U.S. patent 7,580,533 issued for a Particulate Flow Detection Microphone based on a laser-photocell pair with a moving stream of smoke or vapor in the laser beam's path. Sound pressure waves cause disturbances in the smoke that in turn cause variations in the amount of laser light reaching the photodetector. A prototype of the device was demonstrated at the 127th Audio Engineering Society convention in New York City from 9 through October 12, 2009. Shotgun mics are long, narrow tubes with slits evenly spaced along each side and a capsule near the rear end. Also called interference tube microphones, these mics are designed to allow sound from in front of the microphone to pass through the tube to the capsule. At the same time, sounds from the sides must enter through the slits. This creates a phase cancellation effect that results in the rejection of those off-axis sounds.

Neumann makes some of the best microphones, and the KMR 81 i is no exception. It has a steep price tag, but you get a lot for that high price. It is a super-cardioid mic and uses a pressure gradient transducer and an interference tube depending on the wavelength of the frequency for versatile use. A little bulkier and heavier than the Rode VideoMic Go is Rode's VideoMic Pro. This hotshoe shotgun mic shares a similar size and design, but adds extra features for those seeking more flexibility and higher quality recordings. Multimedia Systems – Guide to the Recommended Characteristics of Analogue Interfaces to Achieve Interoperability (Technical report). IEC. 61938:2013 . Retrieved July 19, 2023.During operation, light from a laser source travels through an optical fiber to illuminate the surface of a reflective diaphragm. Sound vibrations of the diaphragm modulate the intensity of light reflecting off the diaphragm in a specific direction. The modulated light is then transmitted over a second optical fiber to a photodetector, which transforms the intensity-modulated light into analog or digital audio for transmission or recording. Fiber-optic microphones possess high dynamic and frequency range, similar to the best high fidelity conventional microphones. The Rode VideoMicro II, is, as the name suggests, tiny. At only 3.1 inches long and weight 1.4 ounces, it’s smaller than just about everything out there. This small shotgun mic is ideal for beginners getting into filmmaking or vlogging, partly because of its compact size. It’s also very simple to use. You mount it to your camera’s hot shoe, plug in the 3.5mm TRS cable, and you are good to go. It can even connect to a smartphone or tablet should you want to. The Audio-Technica AT897 is a mic of many uses. It is equally adept at film/TV/video productions, professional recording, wildlife recording, and broadcast applications.

The Neumann KMR 81 i is compact and light enough to be used on a camera for handheld shooting. Though the mic is specifically designed for film and TV applications, it also works well for recording individual musicians, orchestras, and more. The limited off-axis coloration keeps the sound consistent even if the subject is moving around. The shotgun works great indoors or out across various environments, thanks to an RF condenser design that’s highly moisture-resistant. And the MKH 416’s compact and light construction makes it easy to mount the mic on a boom pole without sacrificing maneuverability or tiring out your operator. To take a scientific measurement with a microphone, its precise sensitivity must be known (in volts per pascal). Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones. This service is offered by some microphone manufacturers and by independent certified testing labs. All microphone calibration is ultimately traceable to primary standards at a national measurement institute such as NPL in the UK, PTB in Germany and NIST in the United States, which most commonly calibrate using the reciprocity primary standard. Measurement microphones calibrated using this method can then be used to calibrate other microphones using comparison calibration techniques. Berners, Dave (December 2005). "Ask the Doctors: The Physics of Mid-Side (MS) Miking". Universal Audio WebZine. Universal Audio . Retrieved July 30, 2013. All shotgun mics employ a standard directional capsule — usually a supercardioid — but with a long, hollow, slotted 'interference tube' attached to its front surface. Although this arrangement inherently moves the capsule further away from the sound source — thus making the direct/reverberant ratio slightly worse — the hope is that the tighter directionality (at high frequencies), which reduces the ambient noise, outweighs this disadvantage.

Fagen, M.D. A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: The Early Years (1875–1925). New York: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1975 Moreover, if you look at the real polar plot of an interference tube mic at different frequencies — rather than the idealised versions many manufacturers print — it looks like a squashed spider, with multiple narrow nulls and peaks in sensitivity at different angles for different frequencies. This is the direct consequence of the interference tube principle, and the practical consequence is that off-axis sound sources are inherently very coloured. Worse still, if an off-axis sound moves (or the mic moves relative to a fixed off-axis source), the colouration varies and becomes quite phasey-sounding. The Sennheiser MKH 8060 is an extremely high-quality shotgun microphone with a very natural sound. It has a super-cardioid polar pattern at low to midrange frequencies, which becomes a lobar pattern in high frequencies. This means it is very directional, helping you to focus on recording only the sounds you want. In addition, the MKH 8060 doesn’t suffer from the distortion or coloration of sounds coming from the sides that can affect shotgun microphones.

The sound quality is excellent, with rich tonality throughout the 40Hz-20KHz range and a flat response all the way through the speech frequencies. Impressively, there's a very low noise floor that's comparable to the Boya BY-M1 lav mic, so only the hypercritical will be concerned about the trace of mic-generated hiss that's present. When choosing a pre-amplifier for a certain microphone, the microphone's impedance must be known. Impedance is a frequency-dependent electrical characteristic, measured in ohms(Ω), that relates voltage to current. When not concerned with power transfer, signals are generally transferred as varying voltages and this is also the case for microphones. To obtain the highest signal amplitude one uses a method called impedance bridging. In this configuration the output impedance of the microphone should be negligible in comparison with the input impedance of the pre-amplifier (in practice a pre-amp impedance at least 10 times greater than the microphone impedance is recommended). By doing so, the signal is attenuated minimally and almost no power is used in the process. [59]

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The VideoMic NTG has a high pass filter, which can be set at 75 Hz or 150 Hz, and a pad with a -20 dB cut. There is also a safety channel feature that sends a signal -20 b lower into the right audio channel. This is great for ensuring that you don’t get clipped audio. In addition, the Video NTG has an infinitely variable gain control, so you can adjust your microphone’s output to suit your recording device. Goulde, Berg (February 9, 2017). "15 Best Microphones for Computer". Microphone top gear . Retrieved March 20, 2023. Harry F. Olson and Les Anderson, RCA Model 44 Ribbon Microphone". Mix Magazine. September 1, 2006. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008 . Retrieved April 10, 2013.