Squamous cells( Figure 8) are located at the distal urethra and genital tract of females. They are large, polygonal cells considered contaminants. Epithelial Cells. Low numbers of epithelial cells are found in the urine of healthy animals; particularly those samples obtained by catheterization, as cells slough and are replaced by new cells. In unstained wet mounts, it is difficult to differentiate epithelial cells based on size. Renal tubule cellsare typically small, but distinguishing them from WBCs or small transitional cells may not be possible. Increased numbers of small epithelial cells should prompt evaluation of an air-dried, stained cytology preparation to distinguish WBCs and/or transitional cells from renal tubule cells. Sloughing of renal tubule cells indicates renal tubule damage.

Health Mate’s test strips analyze your pet’s urine for the presence of:• Bilirubin: Too much bilirubin can lead to liver disease, such as jaundice. Small amounts of bilirubin in your dog’s urine are normal. Automatic and Semi-automatic Veterinary Urine analyzer available in India are Vet Urine Analyzer ® (Diagnovison), Vet 101 ® (Techno Diagnostic), Vet Scan UA ® (Zoetis), SediViu ® (Idexx), etc. negative), 25(+), 100(++) and 300 (+++) mg/dL, respectively, 0 (negative), 2,5(+), 10(++) and 30(+++) mmol/l. Normal animals may pass dilute urine from time to time during the day, and a single dilute urine sample is not necessarily a cause for concern. If a pet continues to pass dilute urine, then there could be underlying kidney or metabolic disease and further investigation is recommended.

Dog Urine Test

d. No conclusions can be established about the ability of the patient's kidneys to concentrate and dilute urine. While USG in animals can have a broad normal range, USG is typically between 1.015 to 1.045 in healthy hydrated dogs and 1.035 to 1.060 in cats. USG consistently below this range may indicate underlying medical conditions such as diabetes insipidus, kidney disease, or overhydration. On the other hand, a specific gravity that is consistently above this range may indicate dehydration, kidney disease, or other conditions that cause the body to retain fluids. Ketones White Blood Cells. Up to 5 white blood cells (WBCs) per HPF may be present in healthy animals. WBCs are round, approximately 1½ to 2 times the size of RBCs, and have refractive internal granularity that is more pronounced with fine focusing manipulation.

The presence of nitrites may prompt further diagnostic tests, such as a urine culture, to identify the specific bacteria responsible for causing the infection and determine the most appropriate treatment. Antibiotics are often used to treat bacterial urinary tract infections. Urobilinogen Three days after Leroy came home from his abdominal surgery he began urinating more than normal and in quite a larger amount. When I took him to see the vet they tested his urine and found that he had a urinary tract infection.Transitional cells( Figure 7) line the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and most of the urethra. They vary greatly in size, but are typically 2 to 4 times larger than WBCs, with a round nucleus and granular cytoplasm. Increased numbers of transitional cells may be seen with inflammation of the urinary bladder. This finding should prompt cytologic examination of an air-dried, stained sample to evaluate the cells for evidence of malignancy. Ketones: There should be no ketones in your dog’s urine. If there are, it typically means your dog is burning stored fat for energy instead of glucose. This is common for pets who refuse to eat or have diabetes. The body burns glucose (sugar) for energy. If the cells don’t get enough glucose the body burns fat instead. This produces ketones which will show up in the urine. As with glucose; any amount of ketones detected in urine may also be a sign of diabetes and/or not enough insulin to break down sugar for energy. Abnormal pH levels may indicate kidney or urinary tract problems. Acidity in urine may be a sign of kidney stones. Diets rich in animal proteins tend to produce acidic urine while diets mainly composed of vegetables tend to produce alkaline urine. The body’s pH level varies during the day going from more acidic in the morning to more alkaline in the evening. Catheterization. A very narrow sterile catheter is passed up the lower urinary passage (called the urethra) into the bladder. A sterile syringe is attached to the catheter and urine is withdrawn from the bladder into the syringe. The technique is less invasive than cystocentesis and is a good option when a voluntary sample is not available, especially in male dogs.Catheterization causes mild irritation to the urethra, and may carry bacteria from the urethra into the bladder.

Cystocentesis. Your vet collects a urine sample directly from the bladder by inserting a needle and drawing urine into a syringe. Your pet's bladder must be full, and the procedure does cause some pain. This type of sample has no contamination risks and is the most reliable for detecting urinary tract infections [2].Catheter sample. Your vet passes a thin, sterile tube through your pet's urethra into the urinary bladder and collects the urine. This procedure allows urine collection on demand, but your pet will have to be restrained to allow it. Catheterization has a small risk of carrying infection into the bladder, causing a UTI.