Löfgren, A. (2004). "The conodont fauna in the Middle Ordovician Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus Zone of Baltoscandia". Geological Magazine. 141 (4): 505–524. Bibcode: 2004GeoM..141..505L. doi: 10.1017/S0016756804009227. S2CID 129600604. Ancient Egyptians Collected Fossils". 5 September 2016. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019 . Retrieved 9 February 2019. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Braddy, Simon J.; Gass, Kenneth C.; Tessler, Michael (4 September 2023). "Not the first leech: An unusual worm from the early Silurian of Wisconsin". Journal of Paleontology: 1–6. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2023.47. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 261535626.

Mold Fossils form when all the parts (including the bones) have decayed, and all that is left is the mold of the animal. a b Prothero, Donald R. (2007). Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-0-231-51142-1. Palmer, T. J.; Wilson, MA (1988). "Parasitism of Ordovician bryozoans and the origin of pseudoborings". Palaeontology. 31: 939–949.

What are sedimentary rocks?

Subfossils Collections". South Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2014. Cuvier". palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2008. Fossils can be used to recreate different worlds like worlds populated by dinosaurs or dragonflies with a two-metre wing span. How do fossils form? Preserved evidence of the body parts of ancient animals, plants and other life forms are called ‘body fossils’. ‘Trace fossils’ are the evidence left by organisms in sediment, such as footprints, burrows and plant roots. Why do we study fossils?

Darwin, Charles (1872), " Chapter X: On the Imperfection of the Geological Record", The Origin of Species, London: John Murray Since the early years of the twentieth century, absolute dating methods, such as radiometric dating (including potassium/argon, argon/argon, uranium series, and, for very recent fossils, radiocarbon dating) have been used to verify the relative ages obtained by fossils and to provide absolute ages for many fossils. Radiometric dating has shown that the earliest known stromatolites are over 3.4billion years old. Grotzinger, J.P.; etal. (24 January 2014). "A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars". Science. 343 (6169): 1242777. Bibcode: 2014Sci...343A.386G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.455.3973. doi: 10.1126/science.1242777. PMID 24324272. S2CID 52836398. The Virtual Fossil Museum – Fossils Across Geological Time and Evolution". Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2007. Holland, S.M.; Patzkowsky, M.E. (1999). "Models for simulating the fossil record". Geology. 27 (6): 491–494. Bibcode: 1999Geo....27..491H. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0491:MFSTFR>2.3.CO;2.If the Deluge had carried the shells for distances of three and four hundred miles from the sea it would have carried them mixed with various other natural objects all heaped up together; but even at such distances from the sea we see the oysters all together and also the shellfish and the cuttlefish and all the other shells which congregate together, found all together dead; and the solitary shells are found apart from one another as we see them every day on the sea-shores. a b Gehling, James; Jensen, Sören; Droser, Mary; Myrow, Paul; Narbonne, Guy (March 2001). "Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland". Geological Magazine. 138 (2): 213–218. Bibcode: 2001GeoM..138..213G. doi: 10.1017/S001675680100509X. S2CID 131211543. Shute, C. H.; Cleal, C. J. (1986). "Palaeobotany in museums". Geological Curator. 4 (9): 553–559. doi: 10.55468/GC865. S2CID 251638416.

Mayor, Adrienne (24 October 2013). Fossil Legends of the First Americans. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4931-4. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2019– via Google Books. Wade, Nicholas (21 August 2011). "Geological Team Lays Claim to Oldest Known Fossils". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2011. Koch, C. (1978). "Bias in the published fossil record". Paleobiology. 4 (3): 367–372. Bibcode: 1978Pbio....4..367K. doi: 10.1017/S0094837300006060. S2CID 87368101. In medieval China, the fossil bones of ancient mammals including Homo erectus were often mistaken for " dragon bones" and used as medicine and aphrodisiacs. In addition, some of these fossil bones are collected as "art" by scholars, who left scripts on various artifacts, indicating the time they were added to a collection. One good example is the famous scholar Huang Tingjian of the Song Dynasty during the 11th century, who kept a specific seashell fossil with his own poem engraved on it. [78] In his Dream Pool Essays published in 1088, Song dynasty Chinese scholar-official Shen Kuo hypothesized that marine fossils found in a geological stratum of mountains located hundreds of miles from the Pacific Ocean was evidence that a prehistoric seashore had once existed there and shifted over centuries of time. [79] [80] His observation of petrified bamboos in the dry northern climate zone of what is now Yan'an, Shaanxi province, China, led him to advance early ideas of gradual climate change due to bamboo naturally growing in wetter climate areas. [80] [81] [82] Geologic Time: Radiometric Time Scale". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 September 2008.In medieval Christendom, fossilized sea creatures on mountainsides were seen as proof of the biblical deluge of Noah's Ark. After observing the existence of seashells in mountains, the ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes (c. 570 – 478 BC) speculated that the world was once inundated in a great flood that buried living creatures in drying mud. [83] [84] The term subfossil can be used to refer to remains, such as bones, nests, or fecal deposits, whose fossilization process is not complete, either because the length of time since the animal involved was living is too short or because the conditions in which the remains were buried were not optimal for fossilization. [39] Subfossils are often found in caves or other shelters where they can be preserved for thousands of years. [40] The main importance of subfossil vs. fossil remains is that the former contain organic material, which can be used for radiocarbon dating or extraction and sequencing of DNA, protein, or other biomolecules. Additionally, isotope ratios can provide much information about the ecological conditions under which extinct animals lived. Subfossils are useful for studying the evolutionary history of an environment and can be important to studies in paleoclimatology. Wilson Nichols Stewart; Gar W. Rothwell (1993). Paleobotany and the evolution of plants (2ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.31. ISBN 978-0-521-38294-6.

Schweitzer MH, Zheng W, Cleland TP, Goodwin MB, Boatman E, Theil E, Marcus MA, Fakra SC (November 2013). "A role for iron and oxygen chemistry in preserving soft tissues, cells and molecules from deep time". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 281 (1774): 20132741. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2741. PMC 3866414. PMID 24285202. Bressan, David. "July 18, 1635: Robert Hooke – The Last Virtuoso of Silly Science". Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018.a b Needham, Joseph. (1959). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge University Press. pp. 603–618. The Zebra River Canyon area of the Kubis platform in the deeply dissected Zaris Mountains of southwestern Namibia provides an extremely well exposed example of the thrombolite-stromatolite-metazoan reefs that developed during the Proterozoic period, the stromatolites here being better developed in updip locations under conditions of higher current velocities and greater sediment influx. [64] Astrobiology The knowledge organiser also contains key information about what soil is and explains how fossils are formed. The different types of fossils are listed in a useful table.