FishBase Search". FishBase. March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020 . Retrieved 19 March 2020. a b c Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.353–354. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5. Aldemaro, R., ed. (2001). The Biology of Hypogean Fishes. Developments in environmental biology of fishes. Vol.21. ISBN 978-1-4020-0076-8. a b c d Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) A.G. Zapata, A. Chiba and A. Vara. Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. In: The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen and Environment. Fish Immunology Series. (eds. G. Iwama and T.Nakanishi,), New York, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 1–55.

a b c Romer, A.S. (1949): The Vertebrate Body. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970) Pitcher, T.J.; Parish, J.K. (1993). "Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts". In Pitcher, T.J. (ed.). Behaviour of teleost fishes. New York: Chapman and Hall. pp.363–440. ISBN 9780412429309. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. An example of this is seen in Haemulon flavolineatum, a species commonly referred to as the 'French grunt fish', as it produces a grunting noise by grinding its teeth together. [66] This behaviour is most pronounced when the H. flavolineatum is in distress situations. [66] The grunts produced by this species of fishes generate a frequency of approximately 700Hz, and last approximately 47 milliseconds. [66] The H. flavolineatum does not emit sounds with frequencies greater than 1000Hz, and does not detect sounds that have frequencies greater than 1050Hz. [66]a b c d e f Bertucci, F.; Ruppé, L.; Wassenbergh, S.V.; Compère, P.; Parmentier, E. (29 October 2014). "New Insights into the Role of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in the Sound-Producing Mechanism of Haemulon Flavolineatum (Haemulidae)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (21): 3862–3869. doi: 10.1242/jeb.109025. PMID 25355850. Head [ edit ] Skull bones as they appear in a seahorse Positions of fish mouths: terminal (a), superior (b), and subterminal or inferior (c). Illustration of barbels on the head of a fish Kuraku; Hoshiyama, D; Katoh, K; Suga, H; Miyata, T; etal. (December 1999). "Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA–Coded Genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (6): 729–35. Bibcode: 1999JMolE..49..729K. doi: 10.1007/PL00006595. PMID 10594174. S2CID 5613153. In terms of spermatogonia distribution, the structure of teleosts testes has two types: in the most common, spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules, while in atherinomorph fish they are confined to the distal portion of these structures. Fish can present cystic or semi-cystic spermatogenesis in relation to the release phase of germ cells in cysts to the seminiferous tubules lumen. [62] Araújo, Andréa Soares de; do Nascimento, Wallace Silva; Yamamoto, Maria Emília; Chellappa, Sathyabama (2012). "Temporal Dynamics of Reproduction of the Neotropical Fish,Crenicichla menezesi(Perciformes: Cichlidae)". The Scientific World Journal. Hindawi Limited. 2012: 1–10. doi: 10.1100/2012/579051. ISSN 1537-744X. PMC 3415153. PMID 22919339.

Zapata, Agustín G.; Chibá, Akira; Varas, Alberto (1996). "Cells and Tissues of the Immune System of Fish". Organism, Pathogen, and Environment. Fish Physiology. Vol.15. pp.1–62. doi: 10.101 Icardo, José M. (2006). "Conus arteriosus of the teleost heart: Dismissed, but not missed". The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 288A (8): 900–908. doi: 10.1002/ar.a.20361. ISSN 1552-4884. PMID 16835938. S2CID 9676359.

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In terms of spermatogonia distribution, the structure of teleost testes have two types: in the most common, spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules, while in Atherinomorpha, they are confined to the distal portion of these structures. Fish can present cystic or semi-cystic spermatogenesis [ definition needed] in relation to the release phase of germ cells in cysts to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. [50] Ovaries [ edit ] Over 97% of all known fish are oviparous, [64] that is, the eggs develop outside the mother's body. Examples of oviparous fish include salmon, goldfish, cichlids, tuna, and eels. In the majority of these species, fertilisation takes place outside the mother's body, with the male and female fish shedding their gametes into the surrounding water. However, a few oviparous fish practice internal fertilization, with the male using some sort of intromittent organ to deliver sperm into the genital opening of the female, most notably the oviparous sharks, such as the horn shark, and oviparous rays, such as skates. In these cases, the male is equipped with a pair of modified pelvic fins known as claspers. Gilbert, Scott F. (1994). Developmental Biology (4thed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 781. ISBN 978-0-87893-249-8.