g. producing a passive face, gesturing on a fixed schedule, displaying more than one action to be imitated) may reduce imitation rates, creating situations rather different from natural face-to-face carer–infant interactions [ 52, 61].

We review these critical aspects of imitation, which we argue are necessary for understanding the early action–perception system. The Imitation derives its title from the first chapter of Book I, "The Imitation of Christ and contempt for the vanities of the world" (Latin: "De Imitatione Christi et contemptu omnium vanitatum mundi"). One common feature of several studies reporting null results for facial gesture imitation is that infants were prevented from gesturing concurrently with the adult model through the use of a pacifier [ 46, 48]. An English translation was published in 1837, as An essay on the nature, the end and the means of imitation in the fine arts. Book One deals with the withdrawal of the outward life—so far as positive duty allows and emphasizes an interior life by renouncing all that is vain and illusory, resisting temptations and distractions of life, giving up the pride of learning and to be humble, forsaking the disputations of theologians and patiently enduring the world's contempt and contradiction.History of the Samson ceramics factory, which reproduced pieces during the 19th century ranging from Sèvres to Oriental figures. Jesus says that spiritual progress and perfection consists in offering oneself to the divine will and not seeking oneself in "anything either small or great, in time or in eternity" (Chap. Laboratory-based experimental investigations are, of course, limited in their ecological validity, as they only show what infants are capable of imitating in a somewhat artificial environment.

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Soon after hand-copied versions of the 'Imitatio Christi' initially appeared, the printing press was invented, and it was among the first books after the Bible to be printed. Vivant depuis longtemps en ce pays sans ombre, chaque fois que le ciel cruel le vient menacer plus dangereusement, il invente aussitôt dans le sol de sa tête l'arbre qui le doit abriter. Catholic and Protestant Translations of the Imitatio Christi, 1425-1650: from Late Medieval Classic to Early Modern Bestseller. The Imitation of Christ was an early influence on the spirituality of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, who used it in her prayer life, distilled its message and used it in her own writings which then influenced Catholic spirituality as a whole. We also recommend modelling actions in a ‘burst–pause’ procedure, whereby the model alternates between static and dynamic periods, as this procedure—compared with modelling only dynamic actions—results in higher frequencies of imitation [ 29].

We thank Peter Cooper and Krisztina Varga Jakobsen for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Models should be positioned at an appropriate distance, taking into account newborns’ reduced visual acuity, and should make continuous eye contact with infants for the duration of the test.By 1471, the manuscripts of the book were so frequently hand-copied and passed across monasteries, that there are around 750 extant manuscripts of the Imitation. The mirror neuron mechanism, therefore, may be the basis for human and non-human primate infants’ capacities to respond appropriately to their mothers and to tune their own behaviour with that of their mothers’ through elaborate face-to-face communicative signals and matching behaviours. In addition, infants should be seated or laying, and may need to be adjusted to maximize their comfort [ 30].