Burnett DR, Huyett LM, Zisser HC, Doyle FJ 3rd, Mensh BD (2014) Glucose sensing in the peritoneal space offers faster kinetics than sensing in the subcutaneous space. Diabetes 63(7):2498–2505 Holloszy JO (2005) Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 99(1):338–343 The internal attachments can also take advantage of the Cowgirls rotation functions and the different stems included. Some stems are firmer and others have more give for a different feel depending on your preference. Boyne MS, Silver DM, Kaplan J, Saudek CD (2003) Timing of changes in interstitial and venous blood glucose measured with a continuous subcutaneous glucose sensor. Diabetes 52(11):2790–2794 Stout PJ, Racchini JR, Hilgers ME (2004) A novel approach to mitigating the physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose measurements. Diabetes Technol Ther 6(5):635–644

Helton KL, Ratner BD, Wisniewski NA (2011) Biomechanics of the sensor-tissue interface-effects of motion, pressure, and design on sensor performance and foreign body response-part II: examples and application. Journal of diabetes science technology 5(3):647–656 ITT is used to examine if the body produces enough ACTH (adreno-cortico-trophic hormone) and growth hormone under stress. The ‘stress’ in this test was to lower blood sugar (hypoglycemia) by injected insulin under very controlled conditions. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to make cortisol which is a steroid hormone and has many functions, including balancing the effect of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels. Five animals (normoglycemia, n = 3 and diabetes, n = 2) were fasted overnight (16 h) and restrained in the monkey chair. When blood glucose levels stabilized for around 30 min via observation of the HD-XG glucose signals, the insulin solution (0.15 U/kg = 0.15 mL/kg of insulin injection) was given to each animal via S.C. injection [ 5]. Blood glucose levels were measured by the glucometer method (StatStrip Xpress meter) immediately before and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after insulin administration (Fig. 7, ITT). Meanwhile, blood glucose levels were monitored and recorded by implanted HD-XG devices. The results were plotted against the time and were correlated very well between the telemetry results and the glucometer readings. GGI Ensuring that the chair restraint process is as fully refined as possible will reduce any stress and discomfort to a minimum, facilitating good performance from the monkey and good scientific data. Workshop funding Hansen BC, Bodkin NL (1993) Standardization of IVGTT. Importance of method used to calculate glucose disappearance. Diabetes Care 16(5):847 DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R (1979) Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 237(3):E214–E223It also has a hole on top of it where you can insert a vibe or other toy and you can use it as a mountable chair or stand it up on its side flat against the headboard. An implanted HD-XG glucose electrode continuously sensed the blood glucose and recorded the electrical signals during a study. After calibration with the glucose levels measured by the Nova StatStrip Glucose Meter (Nova ® Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA), the recorded electrical signals were converted to glucose concentrations. In the meantime, blood glucose concentrations during various glucose tests or drug challenges were also measured by the Nova StatStrip Glucose Meter to further validate telemetry data if needed. Ensuring that the chair restraint process is as fully refined as possible will reduce any stress and discomfort to a minimum, ultimately facilitating good performance from the monkey and good quality scientific data. The authors conclude that there is a need for members of the non-human primate research community to work together to refine chair restraint procedures, and provide a number of recommendations for refinement. These include more pre-study training based on positive reinforcement techniques, standard operating procedures to increase consistency in animal training and monitoring, greater use of specialist training consultants and discussion of training procedures between laboratories, and the need for staff to have a better understanding of macaque behaviour. Specifically-designed restraint chairs are commonly used in research studies that require non-human primates to ‘sit’ in place for sustained periods of time (e.g. behavioural neuroscience and drug infusion studies). Despite widespread use of restraint chairs, there is little published information about the methods used to train monkeys to accept this form of restraint, which can be a stressful procedure for these animals. Xiao YF, Wang B, Wang X, Du F, Benzinou M, Wang YX (2013) Xylazine-induced reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin leads to acute hyperglycemia in diabetic and normoglycemic monkeys. BMC Anesthesiol 13(1):33

Fairtrade is about better prices, but also decent working conditions, local sustainability, and fair terms of trade for farmers and workers in the developing world. Workers who make items such as this Child’s Dangling Monkey Chair.

Where Can I Get More Bondage Gear to Build a Dungeon?

For more substantial pieces you'll need a dedicated spot or be willing to stash them in a closet or other storage area. Dye L, Mansfield M, Lasikiewicz N, Mahawish L, Schnell R, Talbot D, Chauhan H, Croden F, Lawton C (2010) Correspondence of continuous interstitial glucose measurement against arterialised and capillary glucose following an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 103(1):134–140 With the addition of short lengths of chain, you can even create the 3D shapes shown in the images above by attaching the board to itself. Your flat bondage surface becomes a spanking chair or supportive wedge to bend a submissive over for all sorts of play. The survey identified large variation in the types of chair used, the methods for transferring the monkey from the home environment into the chair, the time allowed to prepare the animals for chair restraint equipment before research procedures begin, and the roles of the personnel involved. For example, two-thirds of laboratories use an enclosed “box chair” design, where the monkey enters and is trained to extend his/her head through an opening on the top of the chair, and one-third use an “open chair” design, where manual handling or the pole-and-collar system is used to transfer and secure the animal into the chair.

Multi-point calibrations were needed to establish a linear relationship between the sensor outputs and blood glucose levels at the beginning of initial data collection and also at the end of the study. During calibration, the blood glucose levels should differ by at least 100 mg/dL to minimize calibration errors due to the inaccuracy of glucose reference. Our study used intravenous injection of glucose to get multi-point calibrations. Single-point calibration Blood glucose circadian changes in normoglycemic monkeys significantly differed from that in diabetic animals. Postprandial glucose increase was more obvious after afternoon feeding. Moving a monkey from its housing cage to monkey chair increased blood glucose by 30% in both normoglycemic and diabetic monkeys. Such increase in blood glucose declined to the pre-procedure level in 30 min in normoglycemic animals and >2 h in diabetic monkeys. Oral gavage procedure alone caused hyperglycemia in both normoglycemic and diabetic monkeys. Intravenous injection with the stress hormones, angiotensin II (2 μg/kg) or norepinephrine (0.4 μg/kg), also increased blood glucose level by 30%. The glucose levels measured by the telemetry system correlated significantly well with glucometer readings during glucose tolerance tests (ivGTT or oGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), graded glucose infusion (GGI) and clamp. Conclusion By requiring companies to pay sustainable prices for items such as for this Child’s Dangling Monkey Chair (which must never fall lower than the market price), Fairtrade looks at the injustices of conventional trade, which traditionally discriminates against the poorest, weakest producers. It enables them to improve their position and have more control over their lives.The international Fairtrade system represents the world’s largest, and also most recognised fair-trade system. This is a global movement with a strong and active presence in the UK. Fairtrade is a movement for change that works directly with businesses, consumers and campaigners.

To support the research community to refine restraint training of non-human primates we have co-sponsored, over four consecutive years, an 8-hour training workshop on ‘Teaching monkeys to cooperate with restraint: using positive reinforcement training and temperament testing methods’, held at the AALAS National Meeting in the USA. Working group membership Name Chatzigeorgiou A, Halapas A, Kalafatakis K, Kamper E (2009) The use of animal models in the study of diabetes mellitus. In Vivo 23(2):245–258 Sasase T, Pezzolesi MG, Yokoi N, Yamada T, Matsumoto K (2013) Animal models of diabetes and metabolic disease. J Diabetes Res. doi: 10.1155/2013/281928

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That’s where inflatable toys like Dark Magic come in. It inflates into this lounger (a foot pump is provided to blow it up) which holds the thrusting motor exactly where you need it. There are bolsters built in to prop your legs up and there is space on either side of these bolsters for your legs if you want to flip over on your knees. The experimental animals (normoglycemia, n = 3 and diabetes, n = 2) were fasted overnight (approximately 16 h) and restrained in the monkey chair. When blood glucose stabilized for around 30 min via observation of the HD-XG glucose signals, the glucose solution (1.75 g/kg = 5 mL/kg of 35% dextrose) was given to the animal via oral gavage. Blood glucose was measured by glucometer (StatStrip Xpress meter) immediately before and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after glucose administration. Meanwhile, blood glucose levels were monitored by the implanted HD-XG device throughout the entire test. The results were plotted and correlated with each other very well (Fig. 7, OGTT). ITT You’re really only limited here by your imagination. Plus the chair is easy to assemble and then take apart again for storage. It’s built to hold up to 300 pounds.