During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I in 1642, after the king was expelled from London. [3] In 1646, during the Siege of Oxford, the town eventually surrendered to Parliamentarian forces commanded by General Fairfax, and occupied by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby. [28] In the final period of the English Civil War in 1652, as news of Charles II approaching the city, the Parliamentarians proceeded to pull down defenses in the Oxford Castle where they were garrisoned and retreated to New College, this resulted in great damage to the college in the process. [28] The city walls at this time was in very bad condition, the moat was rented as a fishpond, while the towers used as a space of residence. Therefore, a new set of ramparts had to be built to defend the town against any coming siege. [11] Davies, Mark (2001). Stories of Oxford Castle: From Dungeon to Dunghill. Oxford Towpath Press. pp.6, 14–15. ISBN 0-9535593-3-5. The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of Oxford University students and graduates, and, especially for EFL education, use their Oxford location as a selling point. [31] Tourism [ edit ] The University Church of St Mary the Virgin Carfax Tower at Carfax, the junction of the High Street, Queen Street, Cornmarket and St Aldate's streets at what is considered by many to be the centre of the city

In 2013, Oxford Rugby League entered rugby league's semi-professional Championship 1, the third tier of British rugby league. Oxford Cavaliers, who were formed in 1996, compete at the next level, the Conference League South. Oxford University (The Blues) [132] and Oxford Brookes University (The Bulls) [133] both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League. Morrells Brewery up for sale". Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2010. In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London Paddington via Didcot and Reading; [75] [76] in 1851, the London & North Western Railway opened its own route from Oxford to London Euston, via Bicester, Bletchley and Watford; [77] and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via Thame, High Wycombe and Maidenhead, was provided; [78] this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London Paddington by way of Denham. [79] The distance from Oxford to London was 78 miles (125.5km) via Bletchley; 63.5 miles (102.2km) via Didcot and Reading; 63.25 miles (101.8km) via Thame and Maidenhead; [80] and 55.75 miles (89.7km) via Denham. [79] White, Anna (26 February 2015). "Welcome to Britain's most unaffordable spot – it's not London". Archived from the original on 26 April 2019 . Retrieved 30 May 2019– via The Telegraph.

The Treasure Chamber: Brilli-ANT

Central Section". East West Rail. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014. Ffrench, Andrew (25 October 2022). "Opinion: Why six new bus gates will be a mistake for Oxford says top hotelier". Oxford Mail . Retrieved 16 November 2022. Gordon, Anne (22 June 2008). "History, learning, beauty reign over Oxford". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2008.

Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Davenant, Sir William". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.7 (11thed.). pp.851–852. There are stories about the University’s buildings and institutions such as the construction of the University Museum of Natural History, and the failed proposal to build a futuristic Pitt Rivers Museum in North Oxford in the 1960s. The chapters on the Bodleian Library’s stories look at its foundation and early years, including the admission of the very first overseas reader in 1603, as well as the more recent transformation of the New Bodleian into the Weston Library. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2022) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Saxon Oxford probably had a market from the time it was made a burgh and it soon became a flourishing town. In the 10th century, Oxford had a mint with 4 coin makers. But Oxford was a fortress as well as a town. In the event of war with the Danes, all the men from the area were to gather inside the burgh.Other documents illustrate how the University instigated change. The opening up of membership of the University to members of all religions, and none, in 1871, and the admission of women in 1920 were key developments in increasing inclusion and diversity amongst the student population. Beyond Oxford, the book looks at the University’s initiatives in widening access to higher education through its adult education programmes in the north of England in the early twentieth century, and in West Africa in the 1940s. In the 18th century, the streets of Oxford were becoming increasingly congested on market days as the stalls interfered with traffic. So, in 1774 a covered market for vegetables, meat, and fish was built. There had been a prison in Oxford since the Middle Ages. It was rebuilt in 1789. In 1771 East Gate and North Gate were demolished. In that year a group of men called the Improvement Commissioners was founded with responsibility for paving, cleaning, and lighting the streets (with oil lamps).