A Haake mode/ RV3 rotationa/ viscometer with an MDK measuring head and SVI and SVII sensors was used to determine the dynamic viscosity ofboth the Machete crude and the synthetic crude oi/s prepared for the study. In this experimen~ the shear rate was pre-se/ected on the above device. Its measurements are based on the fact that abso/ute viscosity is equa/ to a parameter -whose va/ues are tabu/ated and depend on lhe equipment used- mu/tip/ied by the quotient resu/ting from dividing the sca/e va/ue proportiona/ to the rotor torque by the number of revo/utions. Before determining the viscosity va/ue~ the samp/es ofsynthetic crude were subjected to u/trasound treatment at 55 oC for one hour to guarantee their homogenei~ as far as possib/e. INFLUENCIA DE ASFALTENOS y RESINAS EN LA VISCOSIDAD DE PETRÓLEOS BITUMINOSOS UTILIZABLES COMO PINTURAS ASFÁLTICAS DE IMPRIMACIÓN EFFECT OF A5PHALTENEAND RE51N 01L5 ON THE V15C0517Y OF B1TUM1NOU5 PETROLEUM MATER1AL5 TO BE U5ED AS A5PHALT PR1MER5 G. MÁROUEZ(*), F. J. ALEJANDRE(*), M. R. BENCOMO(**)

The graph in Figure 3 plots the log of viscosity values against the log ofthe weightedpercentage ofasphaltenes in two series ofsynthetic crude oils at 55 oC These samples were preparedfrom the fractions separated from Machete crude in such a way that the resin-malthene and asphaltene-resin ratios were constant The information obtained shows that the viscosity of these resin- and asphaltene-containing solutions is significantlygreater than would be expected on the grounds of the patterns observed previously for the two substances alone. Similar/~ the effect of the proportion of asphaltenes on the viscosity ofthese mixes is greater than their effect in the absence of the resins. Las investigaciones realizadas señalan que existen diversos factores responsables de la viscosidad de dichos fluidos. Considerando la literatura en el caso de mezclas bituminosas complejas, la viscosidad sigue algunas tendencias generales: disminuye con el aumento de temperatura (17), aumenta con el incremento de la presión o la densidad (18) y, sobre todo, depende de la estructura molecular de los componentes. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se ha encontrado que, para los hidrocarburos, a mayor peso molecular y/o carácter cíclico, mayor valor de la viscosidad. Ello se explica porque el flujo se facilita con la mayor flexibilidad o posibilidad de deformación de las moléculas que presentan mayor número de grados de libertad (1'9). A tal respecto, la presencia de determinados grupos funcionales capaces de formar enlaces tipo

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Para ello se procedió a cargar al reactor batch con 1 g de muestra de crudo extrapesado y aproximadamente 1 mi de benceno por cada 100 mi de n-heptano, operándose con agitación constante durante 1 hora, a la temperatura de 60 oC, y un tiempo de reposo de 12 horas. Como resultado de la experimentación, se obtiene un material pulverulento de color café oscuro o negro, los asfaltenos According to the basic Spanish Building Standard NBE-QB-90 (2) -which establishes the requirements to be met by roofs containing bituminous materials in new construction/ enlargements and refurbishments-/ bituminous paint~ together with asphalt emulsions/ are liquid products used to prime and prepare surfaces to be weatherproofed for their capacity to improve the adherence of the weatherproofing to the substrate. In this mandatory standar~ to be superseded by NBE-IQ "roofweatherproofing; bituminous primers are classified as (Type 1) asphalt base materials and (Type 11) tar base materials. Figure 3. - Viscosity at 55 oC of different synthetic mixes with constant resin to asphaltene and oil to resin ratios.

The viscous behaviour of liquid asphalt products can be best understood when theyare viewed as col/oidalsystems in which a group of heavier and more polar molecules (asphaltenes) are surrounded by lighter weight molecules (resins) to form highly compacted clusters of inverse micel/es/ whi/e the scant space in between is occupied by naphthen/~ paraffinic and aromatic oils (20). This last group constitutes the low polarity dispersion medium or continuous phase. Two very important properties of the crude studied, its kinematic viscosity (96620 Saybolt second universal at 55 OC) and its high density (API gravity 9.6 0)/ are both a direct result ofits high resin and asphaltene contento This content declines at the temperature at which the oil formed, inferring that crude density is lower in very deep deposits. Similar/~ the chemical composition ofMachete crude oil (percentage by weight) pro ved to be: malthenes (77.9%)1 resins (56.9%) and asphaltense (22.1%). The equipment described be/ow was used for the experimental part of this study: the aspha/tenes were separated with a 4 OOO-m/ Parr discontinuous batch reactor titted with a stirring system/ temperature contro¿ gas and /iquid evacuation faci/i~ pressure contro¿ air coo/ing and a draining system. Whatman 934 AH ti/ter paper with a pore size of 1.5 micron~ ret: 1827-11~ was a/so used La microestructura de los crudos sintéticos estudiados queda definida entonces por la cantidad de micelas, su distribución de tamaños y por las interacciones fisicoquímicas entre ellas. La fracción de los asfaltenos se presenta a modo de láminas paralelas unidas por fuerzas fisicoquímicas y compuestas por núcleos aromáticos condensados sustituidos por grupos alifáticos, nafténicos y heterocíclicos (21). Las resinas poseen estructuras parecidas a las de los asfaltenos pero tienen menor tamaño y una proporción mayor de cadenas parafínicas como sustituyentes de los anillos aromáticos. A causa de ello, las resinas son una fase de polaridad intermedia que sirven como interfase entre los asfaltenos polares, a los que recubren, dando lugar a las mencionadas micelas, y el resto de la matriz del medio oleoso que, generalmente, posee una alta relación entre parafinas y aromáticos no polares (22). Los asfaltenos precipitarían de no ser por la presencia de esta capa de resinas que los rodean (23). This ti/trate was subsequent/y vacuum evaporatedto obtain dry ma/thenes that were subjected to Soxh/et extraction with n-heptane at atmospheric pressure to separate the resins. Fifteen g ofma/thenes were disso/ved in 400 m/of so/ven~ to which 700 g of si/ica-a/umina/ previous/y activated at 120 oC for two hour~ were added This mix was stirred and sma// amounts of so/vent added unti/ it turned ye//o~' the n-heptane was then poured off and the operation repeated unti/ a transparent mix was obtained Afterprecipitating/ the resin traction was vacuum dried at /ow pressure. The so/ution from the extraction was subsequent/y evaporated at /ow pressure/ /ast/~ the remaining ma/thenes were a/so vacuum dried

La consistencia de un producto asfáltico es el grado de fluidez que tiene el mismo a una determinada temperatura. La viscosidad es la resistencia del material a fluir. La situación ideal es aquélla de aquel material que mantiene su consistencia en un amplio intervalo de temperatura, es decir, su susceptibilidad térmica es baja.