Switching of the d-glucosamine into d-galactosamine dramatically changes antimicrobial properties of the respective diosgenyl glycosides. While the hydrochloride of diosgenyl glucosaminoside is active against G+ bacteria and against Candida, the hydrochloride of diosgenyl galactosamine is not active at all. Conversely, N-acetyl derivative of diosgenyl glucosaminoside does not exhibit any antibacterial nor antifungal activity, whereas its galactosamine analogue acts against G+-bacteria-tested and against Candida-tested. This result may suggest that these two diosgenyl glycosaminosides act according to different mechanisms. N-Acyl derivatives of diosgenyl glucosaminosides 50, 52– 56, 59– 62 have been also examined for cytotoxic activity [ 46, 47]. Most of the tested saponins show moderate activity against several human cancer cell lines (including SK-N-SH, MCF-7 and HeLa lines). Compound 54, containing α-lipoic acid residue, turned out to be the most active against all three cancer cell lines (IC 50 ranging from 4.8 µM to 7.3 µM; IC 50 is the concentration of an inhibitor where the response is reduced by half). This cytotoxicity may be related to the redox properties of α-lipoic acid, which is a biogenic antioxidant, physiologically acting as a coenzyme in the oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketonic acids. However, the effect of this substituent on cytotoxicity is definitely smaller in the case of the α-lipoic derivative of diosgenyl amino disaccharide ( 60); the IC 50 values for this compound increased 2-6 times in comparison to IC 50 of 54 [ 47]. Further analysis of data for the other derivatives of diosgenyl amino disaccharide ( 59– 62) confirmed that they are, in general, less active than their corresponding monosaccharides analogs with the same N-substitution ( 52– 56). overhydration/hypervolemia and, for example, congested states, including pulmonary congestion and oedema. Glucose 50 % B. Braun hat keinen Einfluss auf die Verkehrstüchtigkeit und die Fähigkeit zum Bedienen von Maschinen.

Diosgenyl β- d-glucosaminoside hydrochloride ( 11 .HCl) and N-alkyl analogs ( 41– 44) have been tested for hemolytic activity by determining the minimum hemolytic concentration (MHC) [ 77]. The results of tests showed that these saponins are non-toxic to human red blood cells. Hemolysis was not observed even when the erythrocytes were exposed to 256 μg/mL concentration of saponins, which is many times higher than the MIC = 2–4 μg/mL for the majority of isolated Candida species. Aus mikrobiologischen Gründen sollten Mischungen mit Zusätzen oder anderen Injektions- oder Infusionslösungen sofort verwendet werden. Falls sie nicht sofort verwendet werden, liegen Aufbewahrungszeiten und -bedingungen in der Verantwortung des Anwenders. Normalerweise sollten Mischungen nicht länger als 24 Stunden bei 2 °C – 8 °C gelagert werden, falls sie nicht unter kontrollierten Bedingungen und Gewährleistung von Keimfreiheit hergestellt wurden. For the synthesis of both series, it was necessary to remove the Troc protecting group (zinc dust in acetic acid) from the amine function in 18 and obtain saponin 36 ( Scheme 5). The reaction of 36 with cinnamoyl chlorides with differently substituted phenyl rings formed the respective N-cinnamoyl derivatives of the O-acetylated diosgenyl glucosaminoside. Their O-deprotection with NH 3 in MeOH provided a series of new diosgenyl N-cinnamoyl-β- d-glucosaminosides ( 85– 87, Figure 9). Reaction yields were 55–71%. Hypoglycaemia in the newborn can cause prolonged seizures, coma and brain damage. Hyperglycaemia has been associated with intraventricular haemorrhage, late onset bacterial and fungal infection, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitits, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, prolonged length of hospital stay, and death. Glucosehaltige Lösungen dürfen nicht gleichzeitig in demselben Schlauchsystem mit Blutkonserven verabreicht werden, da dies zu einer Pseudoagglutination führen kann.A series of N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl derivatives of diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β- d-gluco- and d-galactopyranosides have been synthesised [ 50, 54]. The synthesis of these compounds used a method of reductive alkylation of amines [ 61]. N-Monoalkyl derivatives were obtained by treatment of the primary amine group in diosgenyl β- d-glycosaminoside with an appropriate aldehyde ( R-CHO), followed by reduction in the resulting imine with sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH 3CN). As with the intravenous administration of nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino acids and lipids) in general, metabolic complications may occur if the nutrient intake is not adapted to the patient's requirements, or the metabolic capacity of any given dietary component is not accurately assessed. Adverse metabolic effects may arise from administration of inadequate or excessive nutrients or from inappropriate composition of an admixture for a particular patient's needs. Diosgenin in combination with carbohydrate forms diosgenyl glycosides. In these natural compounds, d-glucose is usually the saccharide directly attached to sapogenin. However, combinations of diosgenin with other sugars have also been found: d-galactose (e.g., smilacinoside A, funcioside B or indioside E) and l-arabinose (e.g., conwallasaponin E and polyphilin F). Diosgenyl glycosides are the most abundant and, from the pharmaceutical point of view, the most explored natural steroid saponins. They occur mainly in the family of fungus plants ( Dioscoreaceae), as well as in some species of solanaceae ( Solanaceae), bean plants ( Fabaceae) and fenugreek ( Trigonella) [ 26]. Many of them exhibit antifungal [ 27], anti-thrombotic [ 28], antivirial, antioxidative and tissue-protective properties [ 29]. Diosgenyl glycosides also exerted an antitumor effect by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and have great potential to be explored for cancer treatment [ 30, 31, 32]. Children, the elderly, women, postoperative patients, patients with hypoxia and patients with central nervous system disease or psychogenic polydipsia are at particular risk for this complication.

Zwischen der Versandapotheke DocMorris und den DocMorris Vor-Ort-Apotheken besteht keine rechtliche oder wirtschaftliche Verbindung.This cookie is used to detect and defend when a client attempt to replay a cookie.This cookie manages the interaction with online bots and takes the appropriate actions.