Animal Info – Red Panda". Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2009. Physical Description". Giant Panda Species Survival Plan. Archived from the original on 4 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2011. Tedford, R. H. & Gustafson, E. P. (1977). "First North American record of the extinct panda Parailurus". Nature. 265 (5595): 621–623. Bibcode: 1977Natur.265..621T. doi: 10.1038/265621a0. S2CID 4214900. Red pandas are "long-day" breeders, reproducing after the winter solstice as daylight grows longer. Mating thus takes place from January to March, with births occurring from May to August. Reproduction is delayed by six months for captive pandas in the southern hemisphere. Oestrous lasts a day, and females can enter oestrous multiple times a season, but it is not known how long the intervals between each cycle last. [71] Morris, Paul; Susan F. Morris. "The Panda's Thumb". Athro Limited. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020 . Retrieved 7 August 2010.

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a b Dendup, P.; Humle, T.; Bista, D.; Penjor, U.; Lham, C. & Gyeltshen, J. (2020). "Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan". Ecology and Evolution. 10 (17): 9444–9453. doi: 10.1002/ece3.6632. PMC 7487235. PMID 32953073. a b Bista, D.; Baxter, G. S. & Murray, P. J. (2020). "What is driving the increased demand for red panda pelts?". Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 25 (4): 324–338. doi: 10.1080/10871209.2020.1728788. S2CID 213958948. Bashir, T.; Bhattacharya, T.; Poudyal, K. & Sathyakumar, S. (2019). "First camera trap record of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 11 (8): 14056–14061. doi: 10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061. Pandas can assess an individual's dominance status, including their age and size, via odor cues and may choose to avoid a scent mark if the signaler's competitive ability outweighs their own. [91] A pandas size can be conveyed through the height of the scent mark. [91] [95] Since larger animals can place higher scent marks, an elevated scent mark advertises a higher competitive ability. Age must also be taken into consideration when assessing a competitor's fighting ability. For example, a mature panda will be larger than a younger, immature panda and possess an advantage during a fight. [91] Reproduction A giant panda cub. At birth, the giant panda typically weighs 3 + 1⁄ 2 to 7 ounces) and measures 15 to 17 centimeters (6 to 7 inches) long. [96]Jones, M. L. (2021). "A brief history of the Red Panda in captivity". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.181–199. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00026-0. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243805749. The skeleton (left) and taxidermy model (right) of "Tong Tong", once bred in Ueno Zoo at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo Giant pandas give birth to twins in about half of pregnancies. [102] If twins are born, usually only one survives in the wild. The mother will select the stronger of the cubs, and the weaker cub will die due to starvation. The mother is thought to be unable to produce enough milk for two cubs since she does not store fat. [103] The father has no part in helping raise the cub. Cuvier, F. (1825). "Panda". In Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle (in French). Vol.5. Paris: A. Belin. p.LII 1–3. In July 2021, Chinese conservation authorities announced that giant pandas are no longer endangered in the wild following years of conservation efforts, with a population in the wild exceeding 1,800. [148] [149] China has received international praise for its conservation of the species, which has also helped the country establish itself as a leader in endangered species conservation. [150] :8 Biofuel

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a b c Glatston, A. R. & Gebauer, A. (2021). "People and Red Pandas: the Red Panda's role in economy and culture". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.1–14. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00002-8. ISBN 9780128237540. S2CID 243805192. a b Law, C. J.; Slater, G. J. & Mehta, R. S. (2018). "Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods". Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127–144. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syx047. PMID 28472434. In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm. [107] The cub was born at 07:41 on 23 July that year in Sichuan as the third cub of You You, an 11-year-old. [107] [108] [109] The technique for freezing the sperm in liquid nitrogen was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the dwindling availability of giant panda semen, which had led to inbreeding. [109] [110] Panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species. [107] [108] It is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and Mexico City will now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas. [110] In August 2014, a rare birth of panda triplets was announced in China; it was the fourth of such births ever reported. [111]Pandas eat any of 25 bamboo species in the wild, such as Fargesia dracocephala [71] and Fargesia rufa. [72] Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less. [73] a b Groves, C. (2021). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of Ailurus". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.95–117. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. Qi, D.; Zhou, H.; Wei, W.; Lei, M.; Yuan, S.; Qi, D. & Zhang, Z. (2016). "Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas ( Ailurus fulgens)". Animal Biology. 66 (2): 145–155. doi: 10.1163/15707563-00002493.