Sartorius: originates on the ilium and inserts on the patella and tibia. It acts to flex the hip and both flex and extend the stifle. It is innervated by the femoral nerve. The visceral skeleton are those bones that develop inside the parenchyma of some soft organs or viscera, such as the heart bone of the ox and the bone of the dog’s penis. Values not within these ranges may indicate an immature or castrated dog and require other criteria to determine sex. (The terminology used here is from Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV) and differs from the authors’ original.)

Latissimus dorsi: originates on thoracolumbar fascia and inserts on the teres major tuberosity of the humerus. Its function is to flex the shoulder joint. It is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve. Greater Trochanter: It is for the attachment of the middle and deep gluteal muscles as well as the quadriceps femoris muscles. Superficial digital flexor: originates on the lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur and inserts on the tuber calcanei and bases of the middle phalanges. It acts to flex the stifle and extend the tarsus. It is innervated by the tibial nerve.One study found that the relative reduction in dog skull length compared to its width (the Cephalic Index) was significantly correlated to both the position and the angle of the brain within the skull. This was regardless of the brain size or the body weight of the dog. [8] Wolf mandible diagram showing the names and positions of the teeth. Bite force adjusted for body weight in Newtons per kilogram [9] Canid

Pelvic Symphysis: A fibrous joint midline on which the two halves of the os coxae are fused ventrally pointing tuber used for the attachment of the prepubic tendon. Sutter NB, Bustamante CD, Chase K, etal. (April 2007). "A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs". Science. 316 (5821): 112–5. Bibcode: 2007Sci...316..112S. doi: 10.1126/science.1137045. PMC 2789551. PMID 17412960. Like most predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance and teeth for catching, holding, and tearing.

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Superficial digital flexor: originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the palmar surface of the middle phalanges. It acts to flex the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the digits. It is innervated by the median nerve. Serrated Surface: A rough dorsal portion of medial surface of this bone. The serratus ventralis muscle attaches here. The sternum is in the lower position and is made of the connection of several bones called sternebrae (similarly as several bones called vertebrae compose the spine). Forelimb

Anyone who has ever run their hands over dogs of various breeds, ages and sizes will know that dogs are, despite being man's best friend, built entirely differently to humans.Adductor: originates on the pelvic symphysis and inserts on the lateral femur. It acts to adduct the limb and extend the hip. It is innervated by the obturator nerve. Special laboratory tests. If an infection of bone is suspected, then samples may be collected for bacterial and fungal cultures. Serologic tests for fungal diseases may also be submitted. Occasionally the levels of vitamin D and parathyroid hormones are measured in the blood.