The easiest way to add the reflector is to have the subject hold the reflector about waist level. The reflector should also be at a 45-degree angle, bouncing the light up like the bottom of that clamshell. That means the edge of the reflector farthest from the subject should point up slightly. You’ll need light stands (so that you can carefully position your clamshell setup), and you’ll want a flash trigger (because each flash will need to come off your camera). where mV t refers to the live-measured sensor voltage at time t, μ was the daily mean value in mV, and SD refers to the daily standard deviation in mV. Daily z-score values were used to control for day-to-day drift displayed by some sensors, which may have related to the “walking” movement of neighboring clams in relation to each other [ 16] allowing magnetic interference to register in their respective Hall effect sensors. Percent closure was calculated with the formula: Houlbréque F, Delesalle B, Blanchot J, Montel Y, Ferrier-Pagés C. Picoplankton removal by the coral reef community of La Prévoyante, Mayotte Island. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 2006;44: 59–70. If the light doesn’t seem to be bringing out the cheekbones, try making the key light taller. Conclusion

Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Generalized Additive Models: Some Applications. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1987;82: 371–386. Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 676–682 (2012). Valvometric sensor information was converted from raw mV values to a standardized daily z-score with the equation: Remember that the closer the light is to the subject, the softer it will be. In clamshell lighting, the key light is only a few feet from the subject. Now, let’s compare this to clamshell lighting. Clamshell lighting involves placing a second light below the subject, softening the shadows. This produces a gentler, more soothing effect, so it’s often seen in conventional headshot photography or applications with far less drama.Gao, L., Tang, W.-C., Tsai, Y.-C. & Chen, B.-C. Lattice light sheet microscopy using tiling lattice light sheets. Opt. Express 27, 1497–1506 (2019). Braley RD, Militz TA, Southgate PC. Comparison of three hatchery culture methods for the giant clam Tridacna noae. Aquaculture. 2018;495: 881–887. The quantum yield was averaged (with a 95% confidence interval) from measurements on five individual tissue samples. PL Measurements of Pure Guanine Powder Mikami, H. et al. Ultrafast confocal fluorescence microscopy beyond the fluorescence lifetime limit. Optica 5, 117–126 (2018). Tomer, R. et al. SPED light sheet microscopy: fast mapping of biological system structure and function. Cell 163, 1796–1806 (2015).

Yan, W., Wu, J., Wong, K. K. Y. & Tsia, K. K. A high-throughput all-optical laser-scanning imaging flow cytometer with biomolecular specificity and subcellular resolution. J. Biophotonics 11, e201700178 (2018). Citation: Killam D, Thompson D, Morgan K, Russell M (2023) Giant clams as open-source, scalable reef environmental biomonitors. PLoS ONE 18(1): Lim SSQ, Huang D, Soong K, Neo ML. Diversity of endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae in giant clams at Dongsha Atoll, northern South China Sea. Symbiosis. 2019;78: 251–262. The exact light settings will vary based on the studio space and the camera settings. You should set these based on your vision for the shot.Clamshell lighting is a simple, two-light configuration: You place both lights facing your subject at a 45-degree angle, one angled up, one angled down. Note that your key light (i.e., your primary, brighter light) should point 45 degrees downward, while your fill light should point 45 degrees upward. Your camera should sit between the two lights, facing your subject. You’ll want this light to be in front of you (i.e., the photographer), so that your camera is able to sit just below it for a straight or raised angle. de Vargas Guterres B, da Silveira Guerreiro A, Sandrini JZ, Silva da Costa Botelho S. Feasibility of visual signals on the construction of biosensors based on behavioral analysis of Perna perna mussels. Ecological Informatics. 2020;59: 101118. We thank Prof. Zhiping Lai for his help with experimental materials and the “Imaging and Characterization Core Lab” of KAUST for support with the SEM and TEM imaging. Supplementary Material

We further evaluated the imaging speed of CLAM by imaging flowing fluorescent beads supplied by a microfluidic pump (Harvard, Phd 2000) into a fluidic channel (square glass pipette with an inner side length of 1 mm). In this proof-of-principle demonstration, we configured the CLAM system with a total of N = 24 light sheets within the frequency range of 1.1–1.4 kHz. This system is able to visualize the flowing microspheres (flow rate of ~20 µm/s) at a volumetric rate f vol of up to 13 vol/s (Fig. 3f). We note that the practical volume rate in the current setup can further be enhanced depending on the number of light sheets ( N) required for the experiments. For instance, the volume rate can be increased to ~25 vol/s with our current camera when the imaging FOV along the axial direction is reduced by half (i.e., N = 12). Furthermore, as the volume rate achievable in CLAM is only limited by the camera speed (currently limited at ~1000–3000 fps in our system), we anticipate that the volume rate can readily be scaled beyond 100 vol/s with a state-of-the-art high-speed intensified camera (>10,000 fps) 34. Fig 8. Histogram of the distribution of closure event lengths for Clam 3 in seconds over the interval from June 1-August 15. Fatherree JW. Giant Clams in the Reef Aquarium: Biology, Identification, and Care. Liquid Medium Publications; 2019. When then compared the PL spectra of the T. maxima mantle tissues with those of the pure guanine crystals. In guanine, the peak in the upper UV-A spectrum (around 360–390 nm) was conserved, although it was broad and somewhat shifted to longer, less energetic wavelengths than in the T. maxima tissues (391 nm maxima in giant clam tissues versus 363 nm in pure guanine). While T. maxima showed a clear emission peak at 676 nm when excited with a light source of 473nm generated an emission peak at 676 nm, the emission peak at 530 nm in the pure guanine was barely visible in the emission spectra. Discussion Surface Structures of Outer T. maxima Mantle The light helps to sculpt the face. But it’s still soft enough to avoid exaggerating skin imperfections.Pro tip: If you’re uncertain about the final look you want, you can always start with butterfly lighting. Experiment with the shadows and angles, then simply add a fill light to achieve the clamshell look if you desire something softer. This way, you can play around with two different lighting styles with very little effort. It’s a convenient and creative approach to portrait lighting. Clamshell vs Rembrandt lighting