Araújo-Pérez, F.; McCoy, A.N.; Okechukwu, C.; Carroll, I.M.; Smith, K.M.; Jeremiah, K.; Sandler, R.S.; Asher, G.N.; Keku, T.O. Differences in microbial signatures between rectal mucosal biopsies and rectal swabs. Gut Microbes 2012, 3, 530–535. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Wang, J.; Gallagher, D.; Thornton, J.C.; Yu, W.; Weil, R.; Kovac, B.; Pi-Sunyer, F.X. Regional body volumes, BMI, waist circumference, and percentage fat in severely obese adults. Obesity 2007, 15, 2688–2698. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] The circRNA and mRNA library were constructed using the TruSeqTM Stranded Total RNA Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA). And the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was removed from 2 μg total RNA by the Ribo-Zero Magnetic kit (EpiCentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI, USA). The RNA was fragmented and reverse-transformed to synthesize cDNA, then the adaptor was ligated. The cDNA second strand was digested with UNG enzyme, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and purified to obtain the final library. The miRNA library was constructed using the TruSeqTM Small RNA sample prep Kit (Invitrogen) according to the instructions. After removing the rRNA, the 3' and 5' end adapters were connected to the kit separately, and then the primers were reversed and PCR cycles were performed. Next, the library was enriched, purified and quantified [ 27]. At last, high-throughput sequencing was conducted using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 ( Supplementary Fig. 1). CircRNA and miRNA sequencing analysis

Lanolin, when mixed with ingredients such as neatsfoot oil, beeswax and glycerol, is used in various leather treatments, for example in some saddle soaps and in leather care products. John B, Enright AJ, Aravin A, Tuschl T, Sander C, Marks DS (2004). Human MicroRNA targets. PLoS Biol. 2(11):e363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020363. Kouba M, Bonneau M, Noblet J. Relative development of subcutaneous, intermuscular, and kidney fat in growing pigs with different body compositions. J Anim Sci. 1999;77(3):622–9. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.773622x.

Weekly market overview

The fat-tail Damara breed has been successfully introduced to Wales (Anglesey) as part of an EIP Wales-funded project, lambs are tolerating the Welsh climate well and the group now look forward to developing their brand, Damara Môn. Turnbaugh, P.J.; Hamady, M.; Yatsunenko, T.; Cantarel, B.L.; Duncan, A.; Ley, R.E.; Sogin, M.L.; Jones, W.J.; Roe, B.A.; Affourtit, J.P.; et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009, 457, 480–484. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Lanolin and its many derivatives are used extensively in both the personal care (e.g., high value cosmetics, facial cosmetics, lip products) and health care sectors such as topical liniments. Lanolin is also found in lubricants, rust-preventive coatings, shoe polish, and other commercial products. [8]

Liu, X.; Sha, Y.; Dingkao, R.; Zhang, W.; Lv, W.; Wei, H.; Shi, H.; Hu, J.; Wang, J.; Li, S.; et al. Interactions Between Rumen Microbes, VFAs, and Host Genes Regulate Nutrient Absorption and Epithelial Barrier Function During Cold Season Nutritional Stress in Tibetan Sheep. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 593062. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Oh, J.K.; Amoranto, M.B.C.; Oh, N.S.; Kim, S.; Lee, J.Y.; Oh, Y.N.; Shin, Y.K.; Yoon, Y.; Kang, D.K. Synergistic effect of Lactobacillus gasseri and Cudrania tricuspidata on the modulation of body weight and gut microbiota structure in diet-induced obese mice. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2020, 104, 6273–6285. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Quaternise". Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2011. quaternise: to convert (as an amine) into a quaternary compound The European Cosmetics Directive, introduced in July 1976, contained a stipulation that cosmetics which contained lanolin should be labelled to that effect. This ruling was challenged immediately, and in the early 1980s, it was overturned and removed from the directive. Despite only being in force for a short period of time, this ruling did harm both to the lanolin industry and to the reputation of lanolin in general. [17] The Cosmetics Directive ruling only applied to the presence of lanolin in cosmetic products; it did not apply to the many hundreds of its different uses in dermatological products designed for the treatment of compromised skin conditions.

Funding

Dehydrocholesterol from lanolin is used as a raw material for producing vitamin D 3 by irradiation with ultraviolet light. [13] Chen, S., Y. Zhou, Y. Chen and J. Gu (2018). fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 34(17): i884-i890. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty560. Liu, G.; Bou, G.; Su, S.; Xing, J.; Qu, H.; Zhang, X.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Dugarjaviin, M. Microbial diversity within the digestive tract contents of Dezhou donkeys. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0226186. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Shen X, Tang J, Ru W, Zhang X, Huang Y, Lei C, et al. (2021). CircINSR Regulates Fetal Bovine Muscle and Fat Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 8:615638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.615638. We conducted Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis on source genes of differentially expressed circRNAs through Goatools [ 37]. The obtained functional annotations of genes included three parts: biological process, molecular function and cellular component [ 38]. Similarly, the host genes were enriched by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway [ 39], and the genes were enriched by metabolic and information processing pathways by R. V.4.2.1 [ 40]. It was statistically significant when the P-value was small. The corrected P-value was obtained by BH (Benjamini and Hochberg). It was significant enrichment at corrected P-value < 0.05. After obtaining the functional enrichment of the source genes, we conducted the functional enrichment analysis on the target genes of the candidate genes. Analysis of mRNA clustering, structure and subcellular localization

Logan, I.E.; Bobe, G.; Miranda, C.L.; Vasquez-Perez, S.; Choi, J.; Lowry, M.B.; Sharpton, T.J.; Morgun, A.; Maier, C.S.; Stevens, J.F.; et al. Germ-Free Swiss Webster Mice on a High-Fat Diet Develop Obesity, Hyperglycemia, and Dyslipidemia. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 520. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Riva, A.; Borgo, F.; Lassandro, C.; Verduci, E.; Morace, G.; Borghi, E.; Berry, D. Pediatric obesity is associated with an altered gut microbiota and discordant shifts in Firmicutes populations. Environ. Microbiol. 2017, 19, 95–105. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Modern analytical methods have revealed lanolin possesses a number of important chemical and physical similarities to human stratum corneum lipids; the lipids which help regulate the rate of water loss across the epidermis and govern the hydration state of the skin. [2] [19] [20]

Malmstrom, Ivar (1949). "Technological aspects of lanolin". Journal of Cosmetic Science. 1 (4). Archived from the original on 4 November 2021 . Retrieved 4 November 2021.

Ni Y, Xu Z, Li C, Zhu Y, Liu R, Zhang F, et al. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-802 protects against obesity through AMPK-mediated regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Theranostics. 2021;11(3):1079–99. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.49354. Fat-tailed sheep are a unique type, consisting of many different breeds, all of which are characterised by a despot of fat either on the rump or in the elongated tail. This unique feature is thought to be an adaptation to the harsh, arid environment that they originate from, allowing the sheep to mobilise fat from the tail when conditions are challenging. This results in a unique lipid metabolism and extremely lean meat. The storage of fat on the rump/tail is also distinctive, containing high levels of unusual branched-chain fatty acids that may be beneficial in human health. The fat from fat-tailed sheep is important in Middle Eastern cooking and our diverse range of cultures in the UK means that there is now a demand for this fat and therefore a market for the breed. Fat-tailed sheep are well adapted to arid environments which may render them unsuitable for farming in the UK. A potential solution is the careful crossbreeding with local breeds that are better adapted to the local environment – recently this has been done in Angelsey, North Wales where an EIP funded project has produced purebred Damara lambs using embryo transfer and crosses with Lleyn ewes using AI. The lambs have thrived in the Welsh climate and have left the project with the first purebred and cross lambs and ewes. The group will now work on getting these unique lambs to market and developing the Damara Môn brand. Anhydrous liquid lanolin, combined with parabens, has been used in trials as artificial tears to treat dry eye. [14] [15] Anhydrous lanolin is also used as a lubricant for brass instrument tuning slides. Li, Q., Z. Huang, W. Zhao, M. Li and C. Li (2020). Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNAs Contributed to Intramuscular Fat Content Differences between Yorkshire and Wei Pigs. International journal of molecular sciences 21(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051732. Esau C, Kang X, Peralta E, Hanson E, Marcusson EG, Ravichandran LV, et al. MicroRNA-143 regulates adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(50):52361–5. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C400438200.

Chang, C.J.; Lin, C.S.; Lu, C.C.; Martel, J.; Ko, Y.F.; Ojcius, D.M.; Tseng, S.F.; Wu, T.R.; Chen, Y.Y.; Young, J.D.; et al. Ganoderma lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7489. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Lanolin is sometimes used by people on continuous positive airway pressure therapy to reduce irritation with masks, particular nasal pillow masks that can often create sore spots in the nostrils.