Skinship: Touchability as a virtue in East-Central India. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 1(1), 179–209. In her article for TIME, Buechner wrote that she lived in Tokyo, Japan from 2007 to 2012. During these six years, she discovered some insights into authoritative parenting and permissive parenting. And of course, in the process, she learnt many parenting lessons, which she believes all parents should consider emulating. The study participants uniformly said that Korean-born mothers in general are extreme compared to Japanese mothers regarding their children’s education. Nevertheless, according to Kiyoung, some Japanese mothers take their children’s education very seriously and have a much stricter approach, compared to his open-minded mother. They might provide examples of mothers who are more adapted or assimilated to Korean society and have assumed the role of an education-oriented mother. An example of strict Japanese mothers in terms of education is Hyomin’s mother. Hyomin revealed that his mother was passionate about his education, often pushing him to study harder. She would obtain educational information from her circle of Japanese mothers. Moreover, his mother guided Hyomin in a very detailed way covering many dimensions of his life, such as, education, career, religiosity, and overall life principles. Below is an excerpt of Hyomin describing his mother’s parenting. Javanese people made several types of armor such as karambalangan, kawaca, siping-siping, and waju rante. They also made steel helmets called rukuh. Armor is probably only used by high-ranking soldiers and trained/salaried troops, with salaried standing army numbering as many as 30,000 existing during the Singhasari and Majapahit era (1222 to 1527 CE), with the first mention being in the Chinese record Zhu Fan Zhi of 1225 CE. A part of the Javanese armies usually consisted of peasant levies who fought bare-chested. [106] :320–321 [146] :75–80 [147] :111–113 [148] :467 [149] Batik making [ edit ]

There may be memory issues with my study participants. This study is retrospective in nature. The author asked participants about what they thought, heard, and felt and to share their experiences. This risk is certainly not negligible; there can be some distortion in their reorganized memories. The author understood this risk and was careful in doing a thematic analysis. Repeated validating processes were performed for the common themes in the analysis.A minority of Javanese also follow Christianity ( Protestantism and Catholicism), which are concentrated in Central Java (particularly Semarang, Surakarta, Salatiga, Magelang) and Yogyakarta for Catholicism. Native Christian churches such as the Javanese Christian Church ( Gereja Kristen Jawa) and East Java Christian Church ( Gereja Kristen Jawi Wetan) also exist. On a smaller scale, Hinduism and Buddhism are also found in the Javanese community. The Javanese of the Tengger tribe continue to practice Javanese-Hindu today, and live in villages on the slope of Mount Bromo. [81] Dutch rule was briefly interrupted by British rule in the early 19th century. While short, the British administration led by Stamford Raffles was significant, and included the re-discovery of Borobudur. Conflict with foreign rule was exemplified by the Java War between 1825 and 1830, and the leadership of Prince Diponegoro. It’s also important to remind ourselves that with cultural studies comes many generalizations. This is unavoidable. The possible consequences of comparisons like this, is that it can lead and encourage readers to stereotype. Please be aware of this in yourself, understanding that this is Japanese and American culture, in general. There are of course many subcultures in each country, and though the majority may be consistent with these findings, not all are. Even if one has no interest in other cultures, comparisons like these are, at least, a way to become more aware of our own values that we often simply assume and unconsciously pursue.

On top of this, the word gaijin (literally meaning “outside person,” and used by Japanese when referring to foreigners) is very revealing; “outsiders” are truly left in the dark in Japan, causing many to resort to speculation based off of public observations only.

References

Hyesun: Fathers in general don’t like the church because they need to spare their money for regular church offerings. The church has a different meaning to each”. Main articles: Javanese literature and Javanese poetry The Serat Selarasa (MSS Jav. 28) is the most beautiful illuminated Javanese manuscript in the British Library. It is dated 1804, making it perhaps the earliest finely-illustrated Javanese manuscript known Parent-Child Socialization in Diverse Cultures. Vol. 5: Annual advances in Applied Developmental Psychology, 35-51