The term milliard is unambiguous and always means 10 9. It is seldom seen in American usage and rarely in British usage, but frequently in continental European usage. The term is sometimes attributed to French mathematician Jacques Peletier du Mans circa 1550 (for this reason, the long scale is also known as the Chuquet-Peletier system), but the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term derives from post-Classical Latin term milliartum, which became milliare and then milliart and finally our modern term. Most names proposed for large numbers belong to systematic schemes which are extensible. Thus, many names for large numbers are simply the result of following a naming system to its logical conclusion—or extending it further. [ citation needed] Origins of the "standard dictionary numbers" [ edit ] Adam and Chuquet used the long scale of powers of a million; that is, Adam's bymillion (Chuquet's byllion) denoted 10 12, and Adam's trimillion (Chuquet's tryllion) denoted 10 18.

Traditional French usage has varied; in 1948, France, which had originally popularized the short scale worldwide, reverted to the long scale.

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Indian and Pakistani English do not use millions, but have their own system of large numbers including lakhs (Anglicised as lacs) and crores. [1] English also has many words, such as "zillion", used informally to mean large but unspecified amounts; see indefinite and fictitious numbers. Ou qui veult le premier point peult signiffier million Le second point byllion Le tiers point tryllion Le quart quadrillion Le cinq e quyllion Le six e sixlion Le sept. e septyllion Le huyt e ottyllion Le neuf e nonyllion et ainsi des ault' s se plus oultre on vouloit preceder

John Horton Conway and Richard K. Guy [15] have suggested that N-plex be used as a name for 10 N. This gives rise to the name googolplexplex for 10 googolplex = 10 10 10 100. Conway and Guy [15] have proposed that N-minex be used as a name for 10 −N, giving rise to the name googolminex for the reciprocal of a googolplex, which is written as 10 -(10 100). None of these names are in wide use. Thewords bymillion and trimillion were first recorded in 1475 in a manuscript of Jehan Adam. Subsequently, Nicolas Chuquet wrote a book Triparty en la science des nombres which was not published during Chuquet's lifetime. However, most of it was copied by Estienne de La Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, L'arismetique. Chuquet's book contains a passage in which he shows a large number marked off into groups of six digits, with the comment: Names of numbers above a trillion are rarely used in practice; such large numbers have practical usage primarily in the scientific domain, where powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript. However, these somewhat rare names are considered acceptable for approximate statements. For example, the statement "There are approximately 7.1 octillion atoms in an adult human body" is understood to be in short scale of the table below (and is only accurate if referring to short scale rather than long scale).Ten milli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexaginta­sescentilliard

All of the dictionaries included googol and googolplex, generally crediting it to the Kasner and Newman book and to Kasner's nephew (see below). None include any higher names in the googol family (googolduplex, etc.). The Oxford English Dictionary comments that googol and googolplex are "not in formal mathematical use". Concerning names ending in -illiard for numbers 10 6 n+3, milliard is certainly in widespread use in languages other than English, but the degree of actual use of the larger terms is questionable. The terms "Milliarde" in German, "miljard" in Dutch, "milyar" in Turkish, and "миллиард," milliard (transliterated) in Russian, are standard usage when discussing financial topics. The names googol and googolplex were invented by Edward Kasner's nephew Milton Sirotta and introduced in Kasner and Newman's 1940 book Mathematics and the Imagination [14] in the following passage: Ten trillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilli­trestrigintatre­centillitrestrigintatre­centilliduotrigintatre­centillionWhen preceding a component marked S or X, "tre" changes to "tres" and "se" to "ses" or "sex"; similarly, when preceding a component marked M or N, "septe" and "nove" change to "septem" and "novem" or "septen" and "noven". The following table shows number names generated by the system described by Conway and Guy for the short and long scales. [16] Base -illion When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, SI prefixes can be used—thus " femtosecond", not "one quadrillionth of a second"—although often powers of ten are used instead of some of the very high and very low prefixes. In some cases, specialized units are used, such as the astronomer's parsec and light year or the particle physicist's barn. The naming procedure for large numbers is based on taking the number n occurring in 10 3 n+3 (short scale) or 10 6 n (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion. In this way, numbers up to 10 3·999+3=10 3000 (short scale) or 10 6·999=10 5994 (long scale) may be named. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if n is 9 or smaller. For larger n (between 10 and 999), prefixes can be constructed based on a system described by Conway and Guy. [15] Today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers and, using the same reasoning as Conway and Guy did for the numbers up to nonillion, could probably be used to form acceptable prefixes. The Conway–Guy system for forming prefixes: Since then, many others have engaged in the pursuit of conceptualizing and naming numbers that have no existence outside the imagination. One motivation for such a pursuit is that attributed to the inventor of the word googol, who was certain that any finite number "had to have a name". Another possible motivation is competition between students in computer programming courses, where a common exercise is that of writing a program to output numbers in the form of English words. [ citation needed]