VOCs are quantified and identified by two broad techniques. The major technique is gas chromatography (GC). GC instruments allow the separation of gaseous components. When coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) GCs can detect hydrocarbons at the parts per trillion levels. Using electron capture detectors, GCs are also effective for organohalide such as chlorocarbons. a b c d Suhayl Abidi, and Manoj Joshi (2015). The VUCA COMPANY. Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-8495-662-7. Respiratory, allergic, or immune effects in infants or children are associated with man-made VOCs and other indoor or outdoor air pollutants. [47]

It's difficult to pinpoint which VOC-emitting household products have the highest health risk because studies examine the toxicity of single chemicals, but not combinations, as is the case in most household products. The frequency and type of use can impact the level of health risk these chemicals have in a home. Details about the known health effects of specific VOCs can be found on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's toxic substances database. a b Stefan Reimann; Alastair C. Lewis (2007). "Anthropogenic VOCs". In Koppmann, Ralf (ed.). Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere. doi: 10.1002/9780470988657. ISBN 9780470988657. Health Canada classifies VOCs as organic compounds that have boiling points roughly in the range of 50 to 250°C (122 to 482°F). The emphasis is placed on commonly encountered VOCs that would have an effect on air quality. [6] European Union [ edit ]

Western Union Phonetic Alphabet

In a sociological aspect, the VUCA framework is utilized in research to understand social perception in the real world and how that plays into social categorization and stereotypes. Galen V. Bodenhausen and Destiny Peery's article, Social Categorization and Stereotyping In vivo: The VUCA Challenge, focused on researching how social categories impacted the process of social cognition and perception. [15] The strategy used to conduct the research is to manipulate or isolate a single identity of a target while keeping all other identities constant. This method clearly shows how a specific identity in a social category can change one's perception of other identities, thus creating stereotypes. [15] Solvents used in coatings, paints, and inks. Approximately 12 billion litres of paint are produced annually. Typical solvents include aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethyl acetate, glycol ethers, and acetone. Motivated by cost, environmental concerns, and regulation, the paint and coating industries are increasingly shifting toward aqueous solvents. [31] O.C. means " off camera" -- it is an archaic term that means the same thing as O.S. Don't worry about O.C. and don't use it. Jones, A.P. (1999). "Indoor air quality and health". Atmospheric Environment. 33 (28): 4535–64. Bibcode: 1999AtmEn..33.4535J. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00272-1.

Within VUCA, several thematic areas of consideration emerge, providing a framework for introspection and evaluation: a b Ahn, Kangmo; Kim, Jihyun; Kim, Ji-Yun (February 2019). "Volatile Organic Compounds Dysregulate the Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 143 (2): AB132. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.12.402. S2CID 86509634. The same goes for a Skype conversation on the computer or a FaceTime conversation on a smart phone. In response to the new competition, the B.I.S.N.C. reduced the fare per trip to Re.1 (16 annas) per head. The S.S.N.C responded by offering a fare of Re.0.5 (8 Annas). The British company went further by offering a free trip to the passengers with a free umbrella; however, nationalist sentiment meant that the free service was underused. The B.I.S.N.C. attempted to buy out Chidambaram, but he refused the deal.The danger of VOCs to human health varies greatly depending on the specific chemical and exposure level. Nonetheless, many VOCs can cause health problems, especially if a person is exposed to high levels or even low levels for a long period of time. M. Soundarapandian; Environment, Degradation And Rural Poverty, Discovery Publishing House 2005, p44 In relation to exposure to VOCs by cleaning and hygiene personnel, a study conducted in 4 hospitals in the United States established that sterilization and disinfection workers are linked to exposures to d-limonene and 2-propanol, while those responsible for cleaning with chlorine-containing products are more likely to have higher levels of exposure to α-pinene and chloroform. [66] Those who perform floor and other surface cleaning tasks (e.g., floor waxing) and who use quaternary ammonium, alcohol, and chlorine-based products are associated with a higher VOC exposure than the two previous groups, that is, they are particularly linked to exposure to acetone, chloroform, α-pinene, 2-propanol or d-limonene. [66]