The Qur'an: Text, Interpretation and Translation' Third Biannual SOAS Conference, 16–17 October 2003". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 6 (1): 143–145. April 2004. doi: 10.3366/jqs.2004.6.1.143. Esposito, John L (2010). The Future of Islam. US: Oxford University Press. p.40. ISBN 978-0-19-516521-0. Christians are often surprised to discover that Jesus is mentioned by name in the Quran more than Muhammad and that Mary is mentioned more times in the Quran than in the New Testament. Both Jesus and Mary play important roles not only in the Quran but also in Muslim piety and spirituality. The Quran is believed by Muslims to be not simply divinely inspired, but the literal words of God, and provides a complete code of conduct that offers guidance in every walk of their life. [22] In Muslim theology, the Quran is considered to be either " created" or "uncreated". [23] According to tradition, several of Muhammad's companions served as scribes, recording the revelations. [24] Shortly after the prophet's death, the Quran was compiled by the companions, who had written down or memorized parts of it. [25] Caliph Uthman established a standard version, now known as the Uthmanic codex, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, variant readings, with mostly minor differences in meaning. [24]

The Qur'an Possesses Revelation and Exegesis". Allamah Tabatabaee. Islamic Ma'aref Foundation Institute. 1988. pp.37–45. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 1". Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012.

Luxenberg, Christoph (2007) [2004]. The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler. ISBN 978-3-89930-088-8. Izutsu, Toshihiko (6 June 2007) [2002]. Ethico-religious concepts in the Qur'an (Repr.ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press. p.184. ISBN 978-0-7735-2427-9. Wild, Stefan (1996). The Quʼran as Text. Leiden: Brill. pp.137, 138, 141, 147. ISBN 978-90-04-09300-3. C.E. Bosworth. Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed, Brill. "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid", Vol. 10, p. 14. This article is about the central religious text of Islam. For other uses, see Quran (disambiguation).

Few have failed to be convinced that the Quran is the words of Muhammad, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation." [56] Saudi Aramco World: East Meets West in Venice". archive.aramcoworld.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2021. The Muqattaʿat ( Arabic: حروف مقطعات ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt, 'disjoined letters, disconnected letters'; [93] also 'mysterious letters') [94] are combinations of between one and five Arabic letters figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 chapters of the Quran just after the basmala. [94] The letters are also known as fawātih ( فواتح), or 'openers', as they form the opening verse of their respective suras. Four surahs are named for their muqatta'at: Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ, Yāʾ-Sīn, Ṣād, and Qāf. The original significance of the letters is unknown. Tafsir ( exegesis) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either names or qualities of God or for the names or content of the respective surahs. According to Rashad Khalifa, those letters are Quranic initials for a hypothetical mathematical code in the Quran, namely the Quran code or known as Code 19. [95] a b Coughlan, Sean. " 'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University". BBC . Retrieved 22 July 2015.

Times for Duʿāʾ (' Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ): Koran". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Faroqhi, Suraiya (2005). Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire. I.B. Tauris. pp.134–136. ISBN 978-1-85043-760-4. The Quran has sparked much commentary and explication ( tafsir), aimed at explaining the "meanings of the Quranic verses, clarifying their import and finding out their significance." [119]