Scandal at South Africa's Eskom: the CEO and the cyanide-laced coffee". Financial Times. 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 10 March 2023. Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State

On 7 July 2020, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a global think tank, released a report claiming the Emirati city, Dubai, of being an enabler of global corruption, crime and illicit financial flows. It stated that the global corrupt and criminal actors either operated through or from Dubai. The city was also called a haven for trade-based money laundering, as it gives space to free trade zones, with minimal regulatory laws and customs enforcement. [46] From 2013 to 2017, while Nawaz Sharif was in power, Transparency International indicated a significant drop in corruption as Pakistan improved from a score of 28 to 32 in the TI Corruption Perceptions Index, [25] even though serious allegations of corruption [26] [ failed verification] Kelso, Paul (3 November 2011). "Pakistan spot-fixing scandal: convictions of Salman Butt, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir just one step on a long road". The Daily Telegraph. UK . Retrieved 10 December 2011. Court gag on South Africa 'oilgate' report". the Guardian. 27 May 2005 . Retrieved 26 February 2022.Bhutto's nationalisation programme lost its appeal towards the end of his government's term and the demand for denationalisation gained more currency. The successive government of military chief and president Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq released a whitepaper that led to the creation of a commission under Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation (PICIC) to reverse earlier nationalisation efforts. [22] Not much was achieved in this regard and only three industries, including future prime minister Nawaz Sharif's conglomerate Ittefaq Group of Industries, were ever denationalised and returned to their owners. Many argue that Sharif was favoured in this process because he was a political protégé of the military dictator at the helm. [23] [24] Unprecedented political corruption: 2008–2013 [ edit ] Yousaf Raza Gillani became the first head of state to be convicted while holding office and later disqualified on charges of loan defaulting. a b c d e "South Africa arms deal that landed Zuma in court: What you need to know". BBC News. 6 April 2018. The data visualized here relies on the perception of experts (e.g. business people, country analysts, etc.). Now we analyze data representing the perceptions of everyday people confronting corruption around the world.

As we can see from this plot, there is a clear association between both measures: countries where people report having to pay bribes often, are also countries that tend to score low in the Corruption Perception Index. CPI 2022 for Asia Pacific: Basic freedoms restricted as anti-corruption efforts neglected". Transparency.org . Retrieved 30 April 2023. Abbasi, Ansar. "US starts probe into rental power projects scam". The News International . Retrieved 2013-12-25. In 1999, the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions was enacted. This convention established legal standards to criminalize bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions. In 2009 this convention was revised with new measures. The CESifo research centre provides an overview of when different OECD countries signed this and other related conventions, such as the UN Convention Against Corruption. As this evidence shows, legal provisions to fight corruption are something rather new, and high income countries are still trying to find new policy instruments to deal with corruption. Procedures for public officials to report misconduct or suspected corruption (2000 vs 2009) – OECD 6 Dirco notes with 'disappointment' foreign ambassadors' joint memo on corruption". MSN . Retrieved 4 February 2019.US Department of State (4 August 2011). "Pakistan: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices" (PDF). Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. United States Department of State . Retrieved 2013-12-24. Public corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as tax collectors and the police, as well as corruption in processes of allocating public funds for contracts, grants, and hiring. Recent research by the World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions (elected officials or bureaucrats) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face. [30] Judicial [ edit ] a b c van Vuuren, Hennie. "South Africa: Democracy, Corruption and Conflict Management" (PDF). Democracy Works. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2018. For those without money and connections, paying even small bribes to access basic public services such as public health or police, can have important consequences. In fact, petty corruption in the form of bribes often acts as a regressive tax, since the burden typically falls disproportionately on the poor.