Part outline 1 Understanding crime and criminology 2 Crime and punishment in history 3 Crime data and crime trends 4 Crime and the media 5 The politics of crime and its control What is criminology? This is a question that is deceptively simple in appearance, but really quite tricky to answer with great certainty. It is tricky partly because, as we will see, criminology is a mixture of different disciplines, differing objects of study and some dispute over where, precisely, its boundaries actually lie and should lie. Importantly, however, the fact that we begin with this question assumes that you are new to this subject. Indeed, that is the underlying assumption. This book is designed as an introduction for students who are studying criminology. I have endeavoured not to make too many assumptions about pre-existing knowledge of the subject and, wherever possible, I will hope to begin from basics and work progressively toward more complex ideas or arguments. Criminology is a strange beast. With origins in applied medico-legal science, psychiatry, a scientifically oriented psychology and in nineteenthcentury social reform movements, for much of the second half of the twentieth century British criminology was dominated by sociology or at least a predominantly sociological approach to criminology. Times are changing again, however, and a new strand of technical and highly policy-oriented ‘scientific’ criminology has been emerging more recently. During the course of this book you will meet all these variants and should learn how to assess their competing claims. In a masterly analysis of the emergence and development of criminology in Britain, David Garland (2002: 8) introduced the subject in the following way: I take criminology to be a specific genre of discourse and inquiry about crime – a genre that has developed in the modern period and that In response to exciting developments in genetics, neuroscience and evolutionary psychology, a number of criminologists have embraced the position that criminal behaviour is the product of biological, psychological, and sociological factors operating together in complex ways. They have come to realize that if they are to capture the dynamic nature of criminal behaviour then they must span multiple levels of analysis and thus multiple disciplines. The explosion of interest in this field of biosocial criminology over the past ten years means that the time is ripe for this research companion aimed at graduate students and scholars, giving them an essential overview of the current state of research in the field. The authors are experts in a variety of disciplines (sociology, psychology, biology, criminal justice, and neuroscience), but they all have in common a strong interest in criminal behaviour. This unique book is essential and accessible reading for all students and scholars in the field.

Professor Tim Newburn - London School of Economics and

Part 5 Critical issues in criminology 32 Race, crime and criminal justice Introduction Sources of data Crime has no ontological reality - The category 'crime' has no reality beyond the application of the term to particular acts. The acts themselves are not intrinsically criminal. Thus, to kill someone during peacetime may well be treated as murder; to do so on a battlefield will most likely not. We return to this below. Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing Computer Assisted Self Interviewing Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies Criminal Cases Review Commission Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme Criminal Justice Crime and Justice Survey Community Punishment Order Community Punishment and Rehabilitation Order Crown Prosecution Service European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Commission for Racial Equality (see also EHRC) Community Rehabilitation Order Crime Reduction Programme Close Supervision Centre Crime Survey for England and Wales (formerly BCS) Community Service Order Community Safety Partnership Prisons and imprisonment The rise of the prison Imprisonment in Britain Prison security Strangeways and Woolf Trends in imprisonment Imprisonment and penal politics International trends Capital punishment The prison system Types of prison Private prisons Life on the inside Prisoners Incarceration and social exclusion Violence in prison Prison officers Release from prison Governance, accountability and human rights Independent inspection Grievance or complaints procedures Human rights and imprisonment Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Victims of white-collar crime The extent of white-collar crime The impact of white-collar crime Understanding impact: the qualitative dimension Controlling white-collar crime Regulating white-collar crime Self-regulation Questions for further discussion Further reading WebsitesAcknowledgements A great number of people have helped me in the (re)writing of this book. A large number of academic colleagues have commented on individual sections, and have offered advice, feedback and constructive criticism. I thank them all. I have to admit to having engaged in a great deal of procrastination in the months between beginning to think about the third edition and finally delivering the revised chapters and other materials. I am enormously grateful to Tom Sutton, Mike Travers, Peter Lloyd, Liz Dawn and everyone at Routledge for their professionalism and for their patience. Though we are now a good nine years on from when the first edition appeared I would nevertheless like to acknowledge the original publisher, Brian Willan, who helped make the whole thing possible and whose influence on this book remains very visible. In these increasingly neoliberal times in which politicians, managers and assorted bean counters seem hell bent on squeezing every last drop of joy out of working in a university, students are a regular and timely reminder of what it is all about, or should be. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to all my undergraduates and postgraduates for their willingness to continue to behave like students rather than ‘consumers’. Long may they continue to do so. Naturally, my greatest debt is to my family. To the whole extended crew – from my Mum and Cathy in their 80s to Georgia, 3, Freya, 1, and the very imminent ‘baby Laisby’ – I send my love and thanks. The book is dedicated to Mary, without whom . . . Introduction The Chicago School Social ecology Chicago School and crime The zonal hypothesis Shaw and McKay: cultural transmission Chicago Area Project Differential association Differential reinforcement Assessing the Chicago School Cultures and subcultures Albert Cohen Cloward and Ohlin David Matza Subcultural theory American subcultural theory British subcultural theory Assessing subcultural theory Understanding crime and criminology Crime and punishment in history Crime data and crime trends Crime and the media The politics of crime and its control

Criminology by Tim Newburn | Waterstones

Realist criminology Introduction Left realism The critique of ‘left idealism’ The nature of left realism What Is To Be Done about Law & Order? Left realism and method Assessing left realism Right realism Thinking about Crime Distinguishing left and right realism Wilson and Herrnstein Murray and the ‘underclass’ Assessing right realism Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites can be distinguished from other ways of talking and thinking about criminal conduct. Thus, for example, criminology’s claim to be an empirically-grounded, scientific undertaking sets it apart from moral and legal discourses, while its focus upon crime differentiates it from other social scientific genres, such as the sociology of deviance and control, whose objects of study are broader and not defined by the criminal law. Since the middle years of the twentieth century, criminology has also been increasingly marked off from other discourses by the trappings of a distinctive identity, with its own journals, professional associations, professorships, and institutes. Globalisation, terrorism and human rights Globalisation Globalisation and criminology Criminalising migration Terrorism What is terrorism? Terrorism in Britain The new international terrorism Special powers for special circumstances? Control orders and the PATRIOT Act Terrorism and the ‘new wars’ Private military industry Privatised security in Iraq State crime Genocide Cambodia Rwanda Bosnia War as crime and war crimes Human rights Origins of human rights Human rights in the twentieth century Human rights in Britain The Human Rights Act 1998 The impact of the Human Rights Act Criminology and human rights Dealing with human rights abuses Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites

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Contemporary classicism Introduction Rational choice theory Clarke and Cornish Bounded rationality Crime scripts Routine activity theory Routine activity and crime trends Routine activity theory elaborated Situational crime prevention Defensible space and problem-oriented policing Problem-oriented policing Crime and opportunity Crime science Assessing contemporary classicism Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Violent and property crime Understanding violent crime Types of violent crime Homicide Trends in homicide Homicide offenders Victims of homicide Motive and relationship Use of weapons Homicide and social status Serial killers Robbery Armed robbery Street robbery Sexual offences Stalking Monitoring sex offenders Violent crime and weapons Ethnicity and victimisation Victimisation and risk Fear of crime Racist hate crimes Racist offenders Community, conflict and cohesion Ethnicity and offending Self-reported offending Anti-social behaviour Drug use Experience of the criminal justice system Stop and search Racism and stop and search Ethnicity and policing From Scarman to Lawrence Cautioning, arrest and sentencing Ethnicity and imprisonment Treatment in custody Deaths in custody Views of the criminal justice system Minority representation in the criminal justice system Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites it. If you are author/publisher or own the copyright of this documents, please report to us by using this DMCA Non-custodial penalties Anti-social behaviour Restorative justice and referral orders Youth justice after New Labour Young people and the 2011 riots Contemporary youth justice Anti-social behaviour Young people and imprisonment Young offenders, custody and vulnerability Community alternatives Referral orders and restorative youth justice Young people, crime and justice Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites

Social disadvantage, crime, and punishment - London School of

Introduction Durkheim and criminology Durkheim and social change Durkheim, suicide and anomie Assessing Durkheim Merton and anomie Anomie and the ‘American dream’ Assessing Merton’s anomie theory Later strain theory Cloward and Ohlin General strain theory Messner and Rosenfeld Assessing strain theory Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites First published 2007 by Willan Second edition published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Third edition published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Tim Newburn The right of T. Newburn to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Newburn, Tim, author. Title: Criminology / Tim Newburn. Description: 3rd Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Revised edition of the author’s Criminology, 2012. Identifiers: LCCN 2016023993 | ISBN 9781138643130 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781138643123 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315629513 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Criminology. Classification: LCC HV6025 .N494 2017 | DDC 364—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016023993 ISBN: 978-1-138-64312-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-64313-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-62951-3 (ebk) Typeset in ITC Stone Serif by Apex CoVantage LLC Sociological criminology and the continued invisibility of women Development of modern feminist criminology Female emancipation and crime Carol Smart and feminist criminology Contemporary feminist criminology Understanding women’s involvement in crime Women, prison and punishment The nature of women’s imprisonment Criminalisation of women A feminist methodology? Feminist victimology Assessing feminist criminology Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites From murder to theft to drug gangs, crime and criminal justice affect the lives of millions of people worldwide. Tim Newburn considers how we can study trends in crime, and use them to inform preventative policy and criminal justice. Analysing the history of crime, he discusses the role of criminology in crime control and politics.

Trends in violent crime Contemporary trends Riots Hate crime The emergence of ‘hate crime’ Extent of hate crime and the criminal justice response What is the motivation behind hate crime? Why hate crime? Property crime Trends in property crime Burglary Trends in burglary Distraction burglary Burglars on burglary Crimes against retail and manufacturing premises Car crime Injuries and deaths on the road Measuring car crime Joyriding Thinking about violent and volume crime Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites

Criminology - LibGuides at The Australian Reference Sources - Criminology - LibGuides at The Australian

Royal College of Psychiatrists Regional Crime Squad Randomised Controlled Trial Reintegrative Shaming Experiment Restorative Justice Regional Offender Manager Royal Ulster Constabulary (see also PSNI) Fully updated to reflect recent developments in the field and extensively illustrated, this authoritative text, written by a leading criminologist and experienced lecturer, is essential reading for all students of Criminology and related fields. Tim Newburn is Professor of Criminology and Social Policy at the London School of Economics. He is the author or editor of over 35 books, including: Permission and Regulation: Law and Morals in Post-War Britain (Routledge, 1991); The Future of Policing (with Rod Morgan, 1997); Private Security and Public Policing (with Trevor Jones, 1998); Policy Transfer and Criminal Justice (with Trevor Jones, 2007); Handbook of Policing (2008); Key Readings in Criminology (2009) and the Sage Handbook of Criminological Theory (with Eugene McLaughlin, 2010). Tim Newburn is currently writing the ‘Official History of Criminal Justice’ with David Downes and Paul Rock, and continues to work (with Andrew Ward) on a book entitled Orderly Britain: How We Solve Our Everyday Problems from Dog Mess to Double Parking. Control theories Introduction Reckless’s containment theory Inner containment Neutralisation and drift theory Drift Social bond theory Four elements of the social bond Testing social bond theory Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime Low self-control Assessing the general theory of crime Tittle’s control-balance theory Relating control-balance to crime Assessing control theory Questions for further discussion Further readingChapter outline What is criminology? An interdisciplinary subject Defining criminology Understanding crime Crime and the criminal law Crime as a social construct Historical variation Criminology in Britain Further reading Tim Newburn is Professor of Social Policy and Criminology at the London School of Economics. He is a former President of the British Society of Criminology (2005- 08) and was elected an Academician of the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences in 2005. In 2009, together with two colleagues, he was appointed Official Historian on Criminal Justice. He is a member of the Home Office's Scientific Advisory Committee and numerous other advisory bodies. He is the founding editor of Tim was editor of the journal Policy Studies (1995-2001), the founding editor of Criminology and Criminal Justice (2001-2006) and is General Editor of Routledge’s Key Ideas in Criminologyseries, and a series editor of Key Thinkers in Criminology . He was elected to the Academy of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences in 2005, and was President of the British Society of Criminology from 2005-2008. Introduction Choosing a topic Doing a literature review Selecting methods Theory and research Hypothetico-deductive theory Grounded theory Negotiating access Research governance/ethics Pilot research Writing Beginning to write Write clearly Decent prose Plagiarism Time management Further reading