Fixed Flange: This towball is permanently attached to your vehicle's faceplate. Ideal for serious towing, such as trailers and other vehicles. If you're going to use the same car and trailer combo to tow your bike regularly this is the towbar you'll need. Walls KC, Coskun P, Gallegos-Perez JL, Zadourian N, Freude K, Rasool S, et al. Swedish Alzheimer mutation induces mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by HSP60 mislocalization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-amyloid. J Biol Chem. 2012;287:30317–27. Taylor CJ, Ireland DR, Ballagh I, Bourne K, Marechal NM, Turner PR, et al. Endogenous secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha regulates hippocampal NMDA receptor function, long-term potentiation and spatial memory. Neurobiol Dis. 2008;31:250–60.

Marchi S, Bittremieux M, Missiroli S, Morganti C, Patergnani S, Sbano L, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication through Ca(2+) signaling: the importance of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;997:49–67. Manchester United v Manchester City: The Manchester Derby is another fiercely contested fixture that captures the attention of football fans worldwide. Mitochondria were isolated at 4 °C or on ice. Hippocampal tissues were dissected and minced in mitochondrial isolation buffer (225 mM mannitol, 75 mM sucrose, 5 mM MOPS, and 2 mM taurine (pH 7.25)). The tissues were homogenized in a Teflon glass homogenizer at 1,800 rpm for 20 strokes. The mixture was centrifuged for 5 min at 500 × g to collect the supernatant and centrifuged again. The supernatant was then centrifuged at 10,300 × g for 10 min to pellet the mitochondria and washed three times at 6,300 × g for 10 min each. As much of the supernatant was removed as possible, and the isolated mitochondrial samples were weighed with an analytical balance. The mitochondria were resuspended to a final concentration of 0.1 mg/μL in mitochondrial isolation buffer for follow-up experiments. Ten microliters of resuspended mitochondria were used for protein content analysis using a Detergent Compatible Bradford Protein Assay Kit (Beyotime). Mitochondrial calcium uptake assayRozpedek W, Pytel D, Mucha B, Leszczynska H, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. The role of the PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway in tumor progression during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Curr Mol Med. 2016;16:533–44. Previously, towing lessons and licences were mandatory. However, you can still receive training if this is your first time towing a motorcycle. And if you're planning to tow with a medium-sized lorry you will need to apply for further certification.

De Strooper B, Scorrano L. Close encounter: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Alzheimer’s disease. EMBO J. 2012;31:4095–7. Changes in hippocampal structure and impairment in spatial memory in young rats suggested that APP and SNCA deficiency caused hippocampal degeneration. In other words, APP and α-synuclein are necessary in maintaining normal hippocampal physiology. By comparing the performance of rats with different genotypes in the water maze tests, we also found that the spatial memory of APP KO rats was worse than that of SNCA KO rats, while DKO rats were similar to APP KO rats. This suggests that the physiological APP is more critical than α-synuclein in maintaining hippocampal structure and function, and the two may belong to the same regulatory mechanism. Mitochondrial degradation and ER stress in APP- and SNCA-deficient hippocampi

Hippocampal tissues were dissected from the brains of 3-month-old male rats and immediately immersed in lysis buffer. DNA was isolated through the phenol chloroform extraction method, and total RNA was extracted through the TRIzol method. Reverse transcription was performed with a reverse transcription kit (TIANGEN Company, China) at 42 °C for 15 min and then 95 °C for 3 min. Manchester United v Chelsea: Matches between United and Chelsea have often been crucial in title races, making them popular among supporters. Rossi A, Pizzo P, Filadi R. Calcium, mitochondria and cell metabolism: a functional triangle in bioenergetics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2019;1866:1068–78. If you have minimal space to store a trailer, an alternative can be using a tow dolly. It's one of the most natural methods of towing a motorcycle and barely weighs above 15kg. They take up less space and for towing your bike, you only need to attach the front tyre of your bicycle with the tow dolly. I happened to mention a day or two out on the ML Department Whatsapp group that I would be heading to Knoydart and would be off the radar for a few days and one of my colleagues asked if that was anywhere near Knotty Ash where the Diddy Men came from!

I was high on the excitement and adrenaline of walking in Knoydart for the first time and enjoying views opening up on parts of the country that I was less familiar with than those that I gaze upon from many other ascents. The heaven and hell of hill walking in the Scottish high summer was right there all around me - wonderful views of the tortuous west highland coastline combined with full on aerial insect bombardment! Detachable Flange: This towbar is just as versatile and robust, but with the added benefit of being removable. This is best suited to occasional towing, such as for the camping season. The assay was performed as described in a previously reported protocol [ 52]. Mitochondria were isolated in mitochondrial isolation buffer without EGTA. Mitochondria (10 mg) were pelleted and diluted with 0.6 mol/L HCl (1:10 wt/vol). The resuspended mitochondria were sonicated at a fixed output of 20 s 3 times at 4 °C (Bioruptor). The mixture was heated at 95 °C for 30 min and centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 min to obtain the supernatant. The supernatant was neutralized with 0.6 mol/L NaOH, and the calcium content was measured with an o-cresolphthalein complexone calcium assay kit (Beyotime). Western blotting and immunoprecipitationRosencrans WM, Aguilella VM, Rostovtseva TK, Bezrukov SM. alpha-Synuclein emerges as a potent regulator of VDAC-facilitated calcium transport. Cell Calcium. 2021;95:102355. Devi L, Ohno M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of the beta-secretase-cleaved C-terminal fragment of APP in Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;45:417–24. The same width and length restrictions apply to towing a motorcycle as they do with a regular trailer. That is 2.55 metres maximum width and 7 metres maximum length for a trailer towed by a vehicle weighing up to 3,500kg. Devi L, Prabhu BM, Galati DF, Avadhani NG, Anandatheerthavarada HK. Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein in the mitochondrial import channels of human Alzheimer’s disease brain is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurosci. 2006;26:9057–68.