For each crop-RWS combination, each crop sequence x soil type combination was simulated, and then weighted by their relative proportion to retrieve an average Yw at the level of the RWS buffer zone (or Yp in the case of irrigated rice).

Comparison of simulated and observed phenology (left) and grain yields (right) for rice (top), soybean (middle), and maize (bottom). Long-term(20 years) daily weather data were retrieved from Brazilian Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and include maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation for the period between years 1999 and 2018.Default coefficients in Hybrid-Miaze model (except for those related with phenology) were used for maize simulations. RWS buffer zones accounted for 50, 25, 47, 52 and 15% of total harvested area for rainfed soybean, rainfed maize, rainfed sugarcane, irrigated lowland rice, and rainfed upland rice while the agro-climatic zones where these sites were located accounted for 86, 66, 88, 72 and 63% of national area for these crops. There are two dominant rice systems: irrigated lowland rice (southern brazil) and rainfed upland rice (north-central and western Brazil).

The 1-3 dominant soil series were identified for each RWS buffer based on data from the Radambrasil project (see Cooper et al. NASA / POWER and DailyGridded weather datasets — how good they are for estimating maize yields in Brazil ? The solid red line represents y = x and the dashed red lines represents ± 20% deviation from the y -x line. Including more years before 2012 in the calculation of average actual yield would have led to a biased estimate of average actual yield due to a strong technology trend in Brazil. Let the streetwear-inspired BRASIL CROP TOP show off your summer style with its slight stretch that ensures a comfortable fit!Yield gap (Yg) was calculated as the difference between long-term average Yw (rainfed crops) or Yp (irrigated crops) and average (2012-2017) farmer yield. a total of 31 (soybean), 25 (maize), 19 (sugarcane) and 23 (rice) reference weather stations (RWS) were selected. Average (2015-2019) total production, harvested area, and average yield of soybean, maize, sugarcane and rice in Brazil.

Major crops are soybean, maize, sugarcane, and rice which account for 90% of total crop area, and (except for rice) the country is one of the largest producers and exporters of these crops. Calibrated pedo-transference functions for tropical soils were used to derive soil water limits (Tomasella et al. Statistics from the most recent six crop growing seasons (harvest years: 2012-2017) were used to calculate crop area and average yields.Most typical maize and soybean crop systems were: 2-y soybean-maize (with one crop per year) and 1-y soybean-maize (‘safrinha'). Hybrid Maize, CROPGRO and ORYZA models were evaluated on the ability to reproduced measured phenology and grain yields in well-managed experiments across Brazil showing satisfactory performance (see Figure 1). Most sugarcane, soybean, and maize is produced in rainfed conditions (>90%); rice is produced in irrigated (80%) and rainfed (20%) conditions in the southern and north-central regions, respectively. Management practices for each RWS buffer zone were retrieved from local EMBRAPA agronomists and other experts.