Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. Other scholars reference Islamic tradition [13] [14] [15] and passages of the Quran, [16] [17] [18] according to which Islam as a religion precedes Muhammad, and includes previous prophets such as Abraham. [19] In Islamic tradition, Abraham is credited with having built the Ka'bah (' Cube') in Mecca, and consequently its sanctuary, Al-Masjid Al-Haram (The Sacred Mosque), which is seen by Muslims as the first mosque [12] that existed. [20] [21] [22] [23] A Hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari states that the sanctuary of the Kaaba was the first mosque on Earth, with the second mosque being Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, [24] which is also associated with Abraham. [21] Since as early as 638 CE, the Sacred Mosque of Mecca has been expanded on several occasions to accommodate the increasing number of Muslims who either live in the area or make the annual pilgrimage known as Hajj to the city. [25] Asher, Catherine B. (September 24, 1992). "Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style". Architecture of Mughal India. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26728-1. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture. Islamic History and Civilization. Leiden, the Netherlands: BRILL. ISBN 9789004116382. Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936. BRILL. p.320. ISBN 978-90-04-09791-9 . Retrieved 21 February 2013.

Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.9, 12. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4. Goodstein, Laurie (7 August 2010). "Battles Around Nation Over Proposed Mosques" . Retrieved 2018-06-28. a b Jamal, Amany. "The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American". Teachers' College – Columbia University. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved April 22, 2006.Essa, Ahmed; Ali, Othman (2010). Title Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance. Herndon, Va.: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. ISBN 9781565643505.

a b Erzen, Jale Nejdet (2011), "Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam", The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 69 (1): 126–129, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x, JSTOR 42635843Bearman, P.J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. Leadership at prayer falls into three categories, depending on the type of prayer: five daily prayers, Friday prayer, or optional prayers. [98] According to the Hanafi and Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, appointment of a prayer leader for Friday service is mandatory because otherwise the prayer is invalid. The Shafi'i and Hanbali schools argue that the appointment is not necessary and the prayer is valid as long as it is performed in a congregation. A slave may lead a Friday prayer, but Muslim authorities disagree over whether the job can be done by a minor. [98] An imam appointed to lead Friday prayers may also lead at the five daily prayers; Muslim scholars agree to the leader appointed for five daily services may lead the Friday service as well. [98]

What Muslims Want': A survey of British Muslims by ICM on behalf of Policy Exchange" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-06. a b Palmer, A. L. (2016-05-26). Historical Dictionary of Architecture (2nded.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp.185–236. ISBN 978-1-4422-6309-3. Charity". Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on February 5, 2006 . Retrieved April 17, 2006.When we go inside, we take off our shoes and wash ourselves in a special way, called wudu. Women and girls cover their heads. Grabar 1969, p.34: "The main characteristic, then, of this first stage was the creation of a space which served exclusively Muslim purposes and which, in cities that were entirely Muslim, existed on two separate levels of exclusivity. The word masjid is always associated with these spaces, but it does not yet possess any formal structure nor does it have any precise function other than that of excluding non-Muslims."