The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material. Author contributions It will have your employee’s name as held in the Payroll system, associated with this 'HG' account: Manual entry code method The Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) has also helped lower BP. As per the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study conducted in the United States in 2020 by a group of researchers who followed 851 US older adults, for every one unit increase in the Med Diet score in participants, it was found that there was a corresponding reduction of 0.69 units in SBP, a reduction of 0.33 in DBP, and a reduction of 0.45 on mean arterial pressure (MAP) [ 32]. Although this seems to be small, this change can have a noteworthy effect at the level of the population; that is, a decrease of 2 mm Hg in SBP can lead to a decrease of 10% when it comes to the population [ 32]. According to the observational studies conducted in Mediterranean countries, higher adherence to a Med Diet is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, overall mortality as well as neoplastic disease [ 33, 34]. The Med Diet consists of higher consumption of extra virgin olive oil, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, cereals, as well as seeds; moderate consumption of fish, poultry, red wine, and dairy; and lower consumption of processed foods and red meat [ 35]. According to a study by Ozemek et al., healthy diets like DASH dietary patterns have been shown to decrease SBP by 11 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by 3 mm Hg in normotensive individuals. Ideally, the goal is to reduce sodium to <1500 mg/dl, but it is good to aim for at least a 1000 mg/day reduction, which has been shown to reduce SBP approximately by 5/6 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by 2/3 mm Hg in normotensive individuals [ 11]. Furthermore, Ozemek et al. revealed in their study that increasing dietary potassium intake with a goal of 3500-5000 mg/day has been shown to reduce SBP by −4/5 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by −2 mm Hg in normotensive individuals [ 11]. GC-MS analysis was performed to characterize the bacterial response and the metabolomic changes leading to Hg tolerance. The solvent extraction method was used to extract the bacterial metabolites. In brief, the freshly inoculated and exponentially grown MRB and MMRB bacterial cells in ZMB medium (non-exposed and exposed to 50 mg/L of Hg) were freeze-dried using BENCHTOP lyophilizer (VIRTIS Instrument, Gardiner, NY). For extraction of compounds, 50 mg of lyophilized bacterial cells were suspended in ethyl acetate and chloroform (1:1; v/v) and homogenized. After homogenization, the solution (crude extract) containing the metabolites was transferred to the clean glass vial by pipetting. These steps were repeated two-three times to obtain a pure and ample amount of sample. The separated organic fractions (crude extract) were treated with anhydrous NaSO 4 (Sigma-Aldrich) to remove moisture, which was again concentrated on the rotary evaporator (BUCHI Rotavapor R-215/V advanced, Switzerland) at RT and stored at -80°C until further analysis. The concentrated crude extract was re-suspended in 1 mL of Dichloromethane (DCM) and 5 µL of the sample was injected into the GC-MS analyzer (Agilent Technologies Instrument 7890A GC System, 240 Ion Trap GC/MS, USA). The GC-MS analysis was carried out under external ionization mode using a fused silica column HP 5 MS column (30 m × 0.320 mm × 0.25 µm). High purity helium was used as a carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. For analysis, the chromatographic conditions i.e. initial injector and detector temperature, were set at 250°C and 330°C, respectively. The temperature of the column was programmed from 50°C (hold for 2 min) to 320°C (2 min hold), with a constant 5°C increment per minute and 1 min hold at 330°C. A metabolic library of all the separated compounds found via GC-MS analysis of bacterial extract was created and identified using NIST mass spectral library match. The PubChem CID, structures, names, and molecular weight of those bioactive compounds were obtained from the PubChem database. In-silico analysis

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Publisher’s note

The DASH diet has been funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) in various research projects to know whether specific dietary interventions helped treat HTN [ 30]. The subjects included in the study have been told to follow only dietary interventions and no other lifestyle modifications to avoid any confounding [ 30]. It was found in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals that dietary intervention alone helped reduce SBP by 6 to 11 mm Hg [ 30]. Since these results, the DASH diet, along with lifestyle modifications, has been advised as the first line of pharmacologic therapy in some instances. Several other clinical trials have shown that the DASH diet helps lower BP, cholesterol, and saturated fats as well as there is evidence that it lowers the risk of adverse cardiac events, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and obesity [ 30]. Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians, nurses, and pharmacists to educate patients about the benefits of the DASH diet [ 30]. Hg tolerance of CMRBs was calculated by the broth dilution method ( Konopka and Zakharova, 1999; Santos-Gandelman etal., 2014) with some modifications. CMRB cultures grown in Zobell Marine Broth medium (ZMB, Himedia, Mumbai) without Hg supplementation were used as a positive control, whereas ZMB treated with Hg (without bacteria) was used as a negative control in this study. To ensure the uniform bioavailability of Hg to the bacteria, uniform culture conditions were maintained across different experimental treatments. Based on the growth behavior of cultures in the presence of a higher concentration of HgCl 2, the selected isolates were classified into two different categories i.e. MRB and moderate MRB (MMRB). The detailed procedure is elaborated in the SI. To understand the effects of different Hg concentrations on bacterial growth, two qualitative analyses were carried out, i.e. monitoring the optical density (OD) at 600 nm and dry biomass. 16S rDNA based identification When the isolate NIOT-EQR_J7 was grown in the presence of Hg 2+ supplementation, a slight reduction in the peak intensity attributed to the thiol group (S-H stretch) at 2383.09 cm -1 was observed as compared to the control along with the wavelength that shifted to 2442.42 cm -1. In contrast, the peak intensity corresponding to the thiol group of NIOT-EQR_J248 at 2304.55 cm -1 increased compared to without Hg 2+ supplementation and the shift in wavelength to 2246.72 cm -1 was observed. In the case of NIOT-EQR_J251, the peaks corresponding to the S-H group appeared at 2341.34 cm -1 in the presence of Hg 2+ whereas, in the absence of Hg 2+, the peak was negligible. The peak was absent in both the presence and absence of Hg 2+ in the case of isolate NIOT-EQR_J258 ( Figures5A–D). In accord with our findings, previous studies had also reported similar results ( Dash and Das, 2014; De etal., 2014; Joshi etal., 2021) and suggested significant changes in the FT-IR spectrum such as a shift in wavenumber in the region of O-H groups, –S-H group, amide C=O, Nitrile C–N stretch, phosphate groups, etc. The changes in peak height and area have also been observed when isolates were grown in the presence of Hg 2+ ions compared to the controlled ones. The transmittance of the infrared (IR) in the presence of Hg 2+ was lower than in the absence of Hg 2+. The changes suggested that the presence of metal leads to a lesser degree of bond stretching, consequently reducing the IR transmittance. The contribution of functional groups in metal binding was legitimized undeniably by the formation of varying spectral bands with and without Hg ( Oves etal., 2013). Based on phenotype characteristics, a total of 162 bacterial colonies grown on the ZMA media supplemented with 10 mg/L of Hg as HgCl 2 were selected for further analysis. In the presence of 25 mg/L of Hg 2+, only 63 isolates out of 162 showed resistance. Further, these 63 isolates were characterized based on their growth pattern in the presence of more than 25 mg/L i.e. 50, 75, and 100 mg/L of Hg 2+ concentration. Among the 63 isolates, 21 isolates grew in the presence of 50 mg/L, followed by 9 and 4 isolates at 75 and 100 mg/L of HgCl 2, respectively. The growth pattern of 4 isolates in the presence of HgCl 2 is shown in Figure S1. Increased physical activity has been advocated as the first-line intervention for preventing and treating patients with prehypertension and as a treatment strategy for patients with stage 1 or stage 2 HTN, according to the Duthe American College of Sports Medicine, the United States Joint Nations Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High BP, the World Health Organization and International Society of Hypertension, and The National Heart Foundation [ 36]. Exercise can consequently help prevent prehypertension from progressing and can help reduce or stop medications prescribed for the treatment of stage 1 HTN [ 37].

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s note Assorted studies have shown that IF lowers BP. Harvie et al., in their study involving 107 overweight or obese premenopausal women, showed that IF for six months helped lower SBP (p= 0.99) and DBP (p= 0.84) [ 22]. Varady et al., in their study performed for 12 weeks with IF involving 15 overweight individuals (five males, 10 females with a BMI of 20-29.9 kg/m 2 showed that IF helped lower BP with a p-value of 0.51 [ 23]. A study by Bhutani et al. involving 83 obese individuals (three males and 80 females) with a BMI of 30-39.9 kg/m 2revealed that 12 weeks of IF helped lower SBP (p = 0.254) and DBP (p = 0.570) [ 24]. In a study by Eshghinia et al., 15 overweight or obese women with a BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 who followed IF for eight weeks showed a lowering of SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.05) [ 25]. Teng et al., in their 12 weeks IF study with 28 Malay men with a BMI of 23-29.9 kg/m 2,showed a lowering in SBP (p<0.05) and DBP (p<0.05) [ 26]. Erdem et al., in their study involving 60 participants from the Cappadocia cohort with pre-HTN and HTN with SBP of 120-139 and more than or equal to 140 mm Hg, DBP of 80-80 and more than or equal to 90 mm Hg, revealed that IF helps lower SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.039) [ 27]. Many studies suggest that mer operon is located on any one of either location such as mobile elements like plasmids, transposons, genomic or chromosomal DNA ( Liebert etal., 1999; Schelert etal., 2004; Zeng etal., 2010). The mer operon contains many functional genes along with the operator, promoter, and regulatory elements. All functional genes encrypt for the diverse proteins that contribute to the detection, transportation, and reduction of Hg ions ( Barkay etal., 2003; Dash and Das, 2012; Naguib etal., 2018). An extremely noteworthy positive correlation was found among the harboring of mer gene with the phenotypic resistance to Hg and concentration of the Hg in the source environment ( Osborn etal., 1997). In this study, we did not find any Hg from the ecosystem (detectable limit - 0.73 µg/L), but the amplification of mer genes and available literature suggested that these are extensively dispersed in a non-highly contaminated or contamination-free environment such as an open ocean, Antarctic sea-ice, high Arctic snow, sea ice brine etc. and plays a key role in the biogeochemical cycle of Hg ( Christakis etal., 2021). Thus, the Hg adaptation by these isolates is reasonably accepted. Confirmation of Hg 2+ reduction by the isolatesGJ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-original draft, Writing-review & editing. PV: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing-review & editing. BM: Investigation. PG: Formal analysis. DMP: Investigation. DKJ: Writing-review & editing. NVV: Supervision, Project administration, Writing-review & editing. GD: Supervision, Project administration, Writing-review & editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding To inspect the consequence of Hg 2+ concentration on the morphology, the bacterial cells were freshly grown in the presence (50 and 100 mg/L - test samples) and absence (control) of Hg 2+ as HgCl 2; and cell pellets were harvested by centrifugation (5000 rpm at 4°C for 5 min) after 48 h. SEM analysis has been carried out, as reported by Joshi etal. (2021). In brief, the bacterial cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde followed by the post-fixing in 1% osmium tetroxide and dehydration of the cells with graded ethanol series (25%, 50%, 80%, 90%, and absolute). The processed samples were scanned using SEM (JEOL-JSM-IT500). Extraction of metabolites and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis

The GC-MS study was included to get insight into the metabolic changes in the MRB isolates under Hg stress. It revealed that the metabolic profiles of MRB isolates are diverse with different biological properties. GC-MS metabolic profiles revealed that the number of compounds increased in the presence of Hg compared to the control isolates, where some compounds were found to be different in Hg-treated samples. A total of 50 metabolites were identified in the absence of Hg, whereas with 50 mg/L of Hg, 64 compounds were identified. The minimum metabolites (6) were identified in NIOT-EQR_J258 without Hg, whereas the maximum metabolites (22) was identified in NIOT-EQR_J251 with Hg 2+. The NIOT-EQR_J7 metabolic profile was almost the same in both control and Hg-treated samples. A total of 14 metabolites were present in the control sample, whereas 15 metabolites were identified with Hg. In the case of NIOT-EQR_J248, NIOT-EQR_J251, and NIOT-EQR_J258, a total of 10, 20, and 6 compounds were identified in the control sample, whereas 16, 22, and 11 metabolites were present with Hg, correspondingly. Based on the results obtained by the x-ray film method, ICP-MS analysis has been carried out to confirm the Hg removal potential of the isolates in the presence of 50 mg/L of Hg 2+. The ICP-MS outcomes showed significant changes in the level of Hg depletion. Among all, the marine culture NIOT-EQR_J251 possessed the highest potential (70.62%) to volatilize Hg. NIOT-EQR_J258 showed the least removal of Hg (17.48%), whereas NIOT-EQR_J7 and NIOT-EQR_J248 were capable to volatilize 29.18% and 52.17% of Hg 2+ under similar conditions, respectively. ( Figure4B). NIOT-EQR_J251 could volatilize 32.54 mg of the initial inoculum of 46.07 mg of HgCl 2, whereas NIOT-EQR_J258 removes 8.03 mg of the initial supplement of 45.74 mg of Hg 2+. In presence of 50 mg/L of Hg 2+, NIOT-EQR_J7 and NIOT-EQR_J248 dominantly developed the fog on the x-ray film, whereas, in the ICP-MS analysis, NIOT-EQR_J251 showed the highest Hg removal as compared to the other isolates. This suggests that volatilization was not solely responsible for removing the Hg 2+ from the culture media and the contribution of different processes like bioaccumulation and bio-adsorption may be involved.In our recent study ( Joshi etal., 2021), we isolated and characterized several MRBs from the deeper depth of the Central Indian Ocean and evaluated their ability to remove Hg from the culture media. However, no bacterial strain was observed from the surface seawater samples that were resistant to Hg up to 100 mg/L. Though various bacterial strains have been isolated from the coastal and oceanic region, so far. MRB from the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean (ERIO) is not studied. It is hypothesized that the marine bacteria from ERIO could be a potential resource for the reduction of Hg 2+ as ERIO is highly dynamic in nature due to high current and intense climatological precipitation ( Annamalai, 2010). Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India Three experimental replicates were determined for each analysis and the statistical significance of the results was analyzed by one way ANOVA test. All Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (version 17) and GraphPad Prism 7 software. Differences were considered significant at p< 0.05 and values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results and discussion It can be observed that high Hg concentration causes structural deformities which may be due to its toxic nature. In our previous study, we reported that cultures accustomed to grow in the presence of HgCl 2 manifested major morphological abnormalities ( Joshi etal., 2021). We also suggested several structural asymmetries allied with the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, significantly affecting the cellular mechanism. Resultantly, there is a substantial delay at the beginning of growth and cell division in a higher concentration of Hg 2+. Metabolites formed during Hg (II) reduction

The statistical analysis of Hg removal potential among the different species i.e., Alcanivorax xenomutans, Halomonas sp., Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus and within the Halomonas spp. revealed that the Hg removal by NIOT-EQR_J251 was significantly higher (p< 0.01) than NIOT-EQR_J7 and NIOT-EQR_J258. There was a significant difference (p< 0.05) in the removal of Hg between NIOT-EQR_J248 vs. NIOT-EQR_J258 and NIOT-EQR_J248 vs. NIOT-EQR_J251. Al-Mailem etal. (2011) reported Haloferax sp. (HA1 and HA2), Halobacterium sp. HA3, and Halococcus sp. HA4 effectively volatilized (from 40 to 65%) the available 100 mg/L of Hg after 8 days. Many other isolates such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas putida, Vibrio fluvialis could volatilize 60%-95%, 94%, 100%, 60% of Hg 2+, respectively, from culture ( Zhang etal., 2012; Dash etal., 2013; Giri etal., 2014; Saranya etal., 2017; Zheng etal., 2018). Weight loss is one of the most important non-pharmacological interventions to lower BP. Numerous interrelated pathophysiologic mechanisms stimulate higher BP in obesity [ 12]. In overweight/obese individuals, accelerated vascular aging can lead to HTN due to inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance [ 13]. Obese individuals also experience increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system [ 14]. The combined effect results in increased sodium resorption by the kidney, impaired vasodilation, volume expansion, and decreased natriuresis, thus leading to elevated BP [ 15]. Ozemek et al. trials have shown that weight loss helped lower systolic BP in hypertensive individuals by 5 mm Hg and in normotensive individuals by 2 to 3 mm Hg. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese. In overweight or obese individuals, achieving their ideal body weight is best, but it is good to aim for at least a 1 kg reduction in body weight. The study by Ozemek et al. also revealed that for every 1 kg reduction in body weight, we can expect about a 1 mm Hg reduction in blood pressure.Patients can find it increasingly difficult to maintain long-term dietary changes like low caloric intake, low salt intake, and limiting processed foods, which in turn may lead to a shift towards preintervention practices in some individuals, for example, increased calorie intake [ 28]. This implies the need for interventions to focus on ways to help patients maintain healthy dietary patterns [ 28]. Genus Halomonas is reported from most of the saline environments regardless of their geographical location, including the marine environment, salterns, saline lakes, and soil ( Llamas etal., 2006). The MRB isolated from the coastal areas of Kuwait were identified as Alcanivorax borkumensis, Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, and Halomonas taeheungii ( Sorkhoh etal., 2010). The 16S rDNA analysis and phenotypic characteristics revealed that the heavy metal-resistant halophilic bacteria WQL9 belong to the genus Halomonas sp ( Abdel-Razik etal., 2020). The Marinobacter genus is comprised of widespread marine bacteria found exceptionally in marine or terrestrial environments rich in sodium salts, in the deep sea, coastal seawater, sediment, oceanic basalt, etc. ( Handley and Lloyd, 2013). Alcanivorax xenomutans are also rich in the saline environment as they are halophilic and favorable to living in the marine environment. A comparative analysis of the partial sequence of the 16S rDNA of the four strains revealed a high level of similarity to the corresponding sequence of environmental isolates. Detection of mercury reductase gene Mercury (Hg) pollution poses a global threat to human and environmental health due to its noxiousness, mobility, and lengthy residence duration in the atmosphere ( Raphael etal., 2011). Toxic metals rapidly accumulate in the food chain, impacting higher trophic levels, hence these are of principal concern nowadays ( Raphael etal., 2011). According to recent research, oceanic release and biomass burning (organic compounds) account for the majority of worldwide Hg emissions, with anthropogenic activities accounting for the remaining significant percentage ( Pirrone etal., 2010; Nelson etal., 2012; Serrano etal., 2013). Hg exists in elemental, inorganic, and organic forms in both land and water systems, depending on oxidation-reduction conditions. In the atmosphere, Hg with valence +2 is more extensively spread ( Wang etal., 2004). In the biogeochemical cycle, a considerable part of Hg accumulates in seas and oceans by its atmospheric deposition ( Bindler, 2003; Wang etal., 2004). The effects of human-induced sources on the Hg contents and its forms are extensively larger in the photic layers of oceans ( Strode etal., 2007). A conserved region of merA gene encoding bacterial mercuric reductase enzyme was detected using the above isolated genomic DNA ( Joshi etal., 2021). The PCR reactions were carried out using the primer set F1merA (5’-TCGTGATGTTCGACCGCT-3’) and F2merA (5’-TACTCCCGCCGTTTCCAAT-3’) containing 1 U/μl Taq polymerase (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 × Enzyme buffer, 200 μM of each dNTP (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.25 mM MgCl 2, and 0.5 μM of each primer and 50 ng template DNA in a thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). PCR reaction was carried out under the following amplification conditions: pre-denaturation step at 94°C for 2 min followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 52°C for 1 min and an extension step at 72°C for 1 min and final extension at 72°C for 7 min as described by Dash and Das, (2014). For the isolates that showed negative PCR reactions with F1merA and F2merA primer set, a re-attempt has been made for amplifying the merA gene by gradient PCR method (annealing at 54 ± 5°C) and by using another set of primer A1F (5′-ACCATCGGCGGCACCTGCGT-3’) and A5R (5′-ACCATCGTCAGGTAGGGGACCAA3-′) as described by De etal. (2008). Amplification of the merA gene was confirmed by visualizing it under the Gel Doc system (BioRad). Confirmation of Hg 2+ to Hg 0 reduction by the isolates Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair, India