Latino, Hispanic, Asian, Filipinos, Spaniards, Portuguese, European Latin Americans, Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans, Latin American Asian, Asian Caribbean, Chinese Caribbeans Rubén Hernández-León, Associate Professor of Sociology and Director of the UCLA Center for Mexican Studies

a b c d e f "The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population". Overseas Community Affairs Council, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 23 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2010.In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~ Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425. "In 1787 the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each." La Pérouse, ii, p. 368. The Chinese are the most populous Asian Latin Americans. Significant populations of Chinese ancestry are found in Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Panama, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Mexico and Costa Rica (where they make up about 1% of the total population; or about 9,000 residents). Nicaragua is home to 14,000 ethnic Chinese; the majority reside in Managua and on the Caribbean coast. Smaller communities of Chinese, numbering just in the hundreds or thousands, are also found in Ecuador and various other Latin American countries. Many Latin American countries are home to barrios chinos (Chinatowns). Peruvian Culinary Culture: Chinese Influence". Taste of Peru. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2016.

Pérez, Sonia (15 May 2005). " "Sólo queremos igualdad": Comisionado presidencial contra la Discriminación y el Racismo". Prensa Libre. Archived from the original on 8 June 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2009. Carlos Celdran, Artist, Tour Guide, Segment TV Host and Cultural Activist, Basque-Filipino of El Salvadoran, Guatemalan, Venezuelan and Mexican descent

Hayward, Mark D., Samantha Friedman, and Hsinmu Chen. “Career Trajectories and Older Men’s Retirement.” Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 53B.2 (1998): S91–S103; Lareau, Annette. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011; Portes, Alejandro, and Ruben Rumbaut. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley: University of California Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001; Portes, Alejandro, and Ruben Rumbaut. Immigrant America. Berkeley: University of California Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006; Zhou, Min, and Yang Sao Xiong. “The Multifaceted American Experiences of the Children of Asian Immigrants: Lessons for Segmented Assimilation.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 28.6 (2005): 1119–52. La nueva vida del chino Paulo de MasterChef". Las2orillas (in Spanish). 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2021.

comunidad china Panama". Paisanito.com - Comunidad China en Panama - (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 February 2020. But maybe that’s OK. Given the dramatic changes in the demographic composition and political climate of the United States, immigrants and their children have had less of a need to become white to thrive in this society. Undoubtedly, whiteness brings privileges across nearly every political, cultural, and economic arena of American life. 29 All anyone needs to do is look at the racial composition of Congress, American television shows, and Fortune 500 CEOs (which are, by the way, 85, 84, and 97 percent white, respectively). 30 Even so, communities of color in the United States have asserted their economic and political autonomy in unprecedented ways. Whiteness is not always necessary for upward mobility in the same way it once was. For example, when post-1965 immigrants could not find work in the mainstream labor market, they developed thriving ethnic economies. 31 They established businesses and community organizations that provided not only jobs but also the infrastructure of support to help them get on their feet in their adopted country. In these spaces, ethnicity was an asset, not a liability. Immigrants came to rely on their cultural sensibilities and ethnic networks to achieve middle-class status. 32 Is race only about the color of your skin? In this talk, Dr. Ocampo, Assistant Professor of Sociology at Cal Poly Pomona, focuses on Filipino Americans to show that what “color” you are depends largely on your social context. Filipino Americans are officially classified as Asian, but share many cultural characteristics with Latinos. Are they “becoming” Asian or Latino? By elevating the voices of Filipino Americans, Dr. Ocampo will discuss how their racial identities “change” depending on the communities they grow up in, the schools they attend, and the people they befriend. This talk offers a window into both the racial consciousness of everyday people and the changing racial landscape of U.S. society. Moderated by Professor Daniel Martinez HoSang, the latter half of this event will provide opportunities for attendees to engage in a Q&A with Dr. Ocampo. Are Filipino Americans Asian, Latino, or something else entirely? In this provocative book, Anthony Ocampo deftly combines survey analysis, in-depth interviews, and personal narrative to show that the answer is not a simple one. It depends critically on context and has important implications for matters such as life chances, life choices, and race relations in a rapidly diversifying nation."Habla el palmirano que quedó en segundo lugar en Master Chef Colombia". www.elpais.com.co. 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2021. Fred Armisen, American actor, has Venezuelan roots on his mother and Japanese father's side part; Japanese Venezuelan Masterson, Daniel M. The Japanese in Latin America. University of Illinois Press, 2004. 0252071441, 9780252071447. Stephanie Mawson, ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’ (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3. Shirley Fish The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific: With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565-1815. Author House, 2011.

Park, Robert, and E. W. Burgess. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. 1921. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969, 735. Park, Chae-soon (2007). "La emigración coreana en América Latina y sus perspectivas". Segundo Congreso del Consejo de Estudios Latinoamericanos de Asia y de Oceania (PDF). Seoul: Latin American Studies Association of Korea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2008.Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette. Doméstica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Affluence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007; Portes, Alejandro, and Min Zhou. “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and its Variants.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530 (1993): 74–96; Waldinger and Lichter 2002. Many of these immigrant populations became such fixtures in their adopted countries that they acquired names of their own. For example, the Chinese men who labored in agricultural work became known as " coolies". While these imported Asian laborers were initially just replacement for agricultural slave labor, they gradually began to enter other sectors as the economy evolved. Before long, they had entered more urban work and the service sector. In certain areas, these populations assimilated into the minority populations, adding yet another definition to go on a casta. Esa sutil mirada: Sobre estereotipos, prejuicios y racismo hacia la población asiático peruana. | Alerta contra el racismo". LULAC Ranks Grow, Yet Gains Superficial.” Houston Chronicle, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/704840/posts. Bliss, Catherine. Race Decoded: The Genomic Fight for Social Justice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012, 1. The first quote is from a speech by former President Bill Clinton in which he is reiterating the findings of Craig Venter, an American biochemist and geneticist, and Francis Collins, an American geneticist and director of the National Institutes of Health. The second is from Francis Collins from his 2001 publication in the journal Cancer, which he coauthored with Monique Mansoura. Collins, Francis S., and Monique K. Mansoura. 2001. “The Human Genome Project: Revealing the Shared Inheritance of All Humankind.” Cancer 91.1: 221–25.