Few issues of diver training have been more controversial than the teaching of emergency ascent procedures. The controversy centers on techniques, psychological and physiological considerations, concern about today's legal climate, and finally the moral issue: is it wise and ethical to train divers in emergency ascent techniques, even though this training may itself be hazardous? The diver should not waste time while making the choice of which emergency ascent procedure to use. A controlled swimming ascent is the most recommended default for recreational diving. Divers who venture beyond the safe zone for controlled swimming ascent should be prepared for their most appropriate option at all times. [3] When all else fails, the consequences of missing some decompression time are usually less severe than death by drowning. In 1977 a formal policy regarding training of emergency ascent procedures was adopted by five major American recreational diver certification agencies: NASDS, NAUI, PADI, SSI and YMCA. [3]

The final option is a buoyant ascent, where buoyancy is gained by inflation of the buoyancy compensator (not always possible in an out-of-air emergency), and dropping of weights. This is recommended as a last resort where the diver is unsure of making it to the surface by swimming, as it will ensure that an unconscious diver will rise to the surface rather than sink.

In the event that a wet bell or stage cannot be recovered from a dive on schedule, it may be necessary for the divers to abandon it and make an autonomous ascent. This may be complicated by decompression obligations or compromised breathing gas supply, and may involve the assistance of a surface standby diver. [ citation needed] The procedure depends on whether the divers' breathing gas is supplied directly from the surface (type 1 wet bell) or is supplied from a gas panel in the bell, via the bell umbilical (type 2 wet bell).

Advantages of this method, when applicable, are that no outside assistance or special equipment is required. Disadvantages are that it requires the diver to reach the surface in a limited time, which does not allow for staged decompression, possible delays due to entanglement or snags, or long distances to reach the surface. It also requires the diver to produce propulsive effort, which reduces potential endurance on the single breath or limited gas available. If there is no other diver in the immediate vicinity, the diver must make an unassisted emergency ascent. Emergency swimming ascent (ESA) is a free ascent where the diver propels him/herself to the surface by swimming at either negative or approximately neutral buoyancy. a b Brown, Charles V. (1979). Samson, R. L.; Miller, J. W. (eds.). "Emergency Ascent Training". 15th Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. UHMS Publication Number 32WS(EAT)10-31-79: 42. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-07. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link)Curtis, ASG (1978). "Free Ascents: A view from the Scottish Sub-Aqua Club". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 8 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012 . Retrieved 2008-08-07. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link) Use of the continuous exhalation procedure from moderately (neutrally or relaxed) inflated lungs combines the advantages of lower risk of lung injury compared to either full or empty lungs with improved endurance due to more available oxygen. Keeping the DV in the mouth and attempting to breathe normally or slowly from it may provide additional breaths as the ambient pressure reduces, and helps ensure that the airways remain open. Tape hair extensions provide safe and even distribution of volume throughout the head and allow the natural hair to grow normally, avoiding damage. The tape method also eliminates the stringy appearance you can get with single-bonded methods and creates a seamless look.

With expert hair extension application and positioning, the client is still able to tie their hair up without showing the tapes. Tape hair extensions lay very flat and virtually disappear into the natural hair, hence the reason they’re known as the ‘invisible’ hair extension method. Drowning is the most likely consequence of a failure to reach the surface during an independent emergency ascent, and is a significant risk even if the diver reaches the surface if he or she loses consciousness on the way. Controlled emergency swimming ascent is a technique used by scuba divers as an emergency procedure when a diver has run out of breathing gas in shallow water and must return to the surface. [3] During the ascent, the diver propels him/herself towards the surface at a safe ascent rate by means of swimming, usually finning, with continuous exhalation at a rate unlikely to cause injury to the diver by lung overexpansion, and remains under control. The recommended independent option is the emergency swimming ascent, where the diver swims to the surface at roughly neutral buoyancy, while exhaling continuously. Vann, RD; Lang, MA, eds. (2011). Recreational Diving Fatalities (PDF). ISBN 978-0-615-54812-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 September 2016. {{ cite book}}: |first2= has generic name ( help); |work= ignored ( help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)

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An emergency ascent is an ascent to the surface by a diver in an emergency. More specifically, it refers to any of several procedures for reaching the surface in the event of an out-of-air emergency, generally while scuba diving. Emergency ascents may be broadly categorised as independent ascents, where the diver is alone and manages the ascent by themself, and dependent ascents, where the diver is assisted by another diver, who generally provides breathing gas, but may also provide transportation or other assistance. The extreme case of a dependent ascent is underwater rescue or recovery of an unconscious or unresponsive diver, but this is more usually referred to as diver rescue, and emergency ascent is usually used for cases where the distressed diver is at least partially able to contribute to the management of the ascent. These documents are of historical interest, as representing the attitudes regarding the training of emergency ascents circa 1978:

Staff (4 March 2014). "CMAS Self-Rescue Diver". Standard Number: 2.B.31 / BOD no 181 ( 04-18-2013 ). CMAS . Retrieved 13 April 2017. The only reference to emergency ascent training in the CMAS Diver Training Program (CMAS TC Version 9/2002) is in the 1-star course where Controlled buoyancy lift of victim to surface is specified under practical training of rescue skills. If a bailout cylinder is carried, the diver switches to personal bailout gas and makes a normal ascent.Buddy breathing ascent is where the diver is provided with breathing gas during the ascent from the same demand valve (second stage regulator) as the donor, and they breathe alternately. An emergency ascent may be made for any one of several reasons, including failure or imminent failure of the breathing gas supply. This National Scuba Training Committee Ascent Training Agreement recognises that there are a number of options available to the scuba diver in the event of a sudden apparent termination of breathing gas supply at depth, and that the selection of an acceptable response is dependent on several variables, including: depth, visibility, distance from other divers, the nature of the underwater activity, available breath-hold time, training and current competence of the involved divers, stress levels of the divers, obstructions to a direct access to the surface, water movement, equipment, buoyancy, familiarity between divers of procedures and equipment, apparent reasons for air loss and decompression obligations. The most generally effective method is for each diver to carry an independent bailout set sufficient to safely reach the surface, after completing all required decompression for the planned dive profile. [6] This is relatively expensive and many recreational divers have never been trained in this skill, so there may be unacceptable additional task loading to carry and use the equipment.