Mullen E, Monin B (2016) Consistency versus licensing effects of past moral behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 67:363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115120 I’ve written before about the horrors involved with factory farming. Animals are treated like objects rather than sentient beings, and unlike objects, they can experience pain, fear, hopelessness, and distress. In most cases, lab meat comes from stem cells, fully differentiated(meaning that they have already developed into their final form) muscle cells, or “satellite cells” (which are somewhere between stem cells and fully differentiated cells) extracted from living animals. These cells represent the beginning of a piece of meat that a person might consume after the process concludes. If we take all this survey data into account, institutional change might be able to garner much wider support and participation than individual change. This individual–institutional gap seems to be an underexplored research topic in the context of what makes social movements succeed. This gap may result from a rational consideration of how behaviour change is easier to adopt en masse with institutional support (e.g., if everyone in a city is vegetarian, then consumers will not have to search for vegetarian food options), or it may result from a difference in gut reaction to proposals of individual change versus institutional change (e.g., people might think of their own diet changing when a vegetarian diet is proposed, but think of other people’s diets changing when a ban on slaughterhouses is proposed). Partially a consequence of the evidence-based approach, Reese doesn’t shy away from making concrete examples of what works and what doesn’t in animal welfare campaigns.

One night, all the animals at Mr. Jones' Manor Farm assemble in a barn to hear old Major, a pig, describe a dream he had about a world where all animals live free from the tyranny of their human masters. old Major dies soon after the meeting, but the animals — inspired by his philosophy of Animalism — plot a rebellion against Jones. Two pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, prove themselves important figures and planners of this dangerous enterprise. When Jones forgets to feed the animals, the revolution occurs, and Jones and his men are chased off the farm. Manor Farm is renamed Animal Farm, and the Seven Commandments of Animalism are painted on the barn wall. Piper, Kelsey (15 November 2018). "We could end factory farming this century". Vox . Retrieved 5 August 2019. JBLCA (2018) Diet reform and vegetarianism. Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive. https://www.lib.umich.edu/janice-bluestein-longone-culinary-archive/diet-reform-and-vegetarianism. Accessed 22 Feb 2019 Moral licensing could pose a similar challenge for farmed animal activism. However, there is little reason a priori to expect licensing over consistency in these situations because no clear trends have been shown in the literature. Indeed most animal activists themselves began taking small actions for animals before scaling up their involvement. So overall, the considerations of moral licensing and moral consistency do not seem to be compelling evidence for either the institutional or individual approach.Riffkin R (2015) In U.S., more say animals should have same rights as people. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/183275/say-animals-rights-people.aspx. Accessed 22 Feb 2019 The usefulness of these technologies becomes even clearer when we consider the sheer inefficiency of animal agriculture. Animals are living beings who do not just produce meat and other animal products. They walk around, maintain homoeostasis, and grow hair, beaks, bones, and brains. Because of these processes, animal farming requires at least 10 plant-based calories for every calorie of meat and at least 5 g of plant-based protein for every gram of animal-based protein (AWFW, 2015). Animal-free food technology bypasses the middleman and produces the end product directly. Because humans have an incentive towards efficiency rooted in their own self-interest—more output for less input—food technology is a powerful institutional approach. The other animals from the farm, observing this through the window, can no longer tell which are the pigs and which are the men, because Napoleon and the other pigs

Creswell JW (2009) Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 3rd edn. Sage Publications, Thousand OaksI’m calling clean meat “logical” because it is a solution stemming from technological progress and situational pressure. We can now grow tissue cells without needing the whole animal, and we are in dire need of doing so at a massive scale to reduce and ultimately eliminate the effects of industrial animal agriculture.

And he did, painfully so. As Reese puts it, everyone on the job has problems with the tireless killing, especially if you consider each individual animal you plunge into the scalding hot water a moral being just like you and me.Asch SE (1956) Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychol Monogr: Gen Appl 70:1–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093718 As much as you might enjoy that Saturday night burger, ingesting meat from factory farms can put your pulmonary, respiratory, and cardiac systems at risk. Many consumers don’t understand meat labeling, such as those products that purport to come from “free-range” or “cage-free” sources. Clean meat is a logical solution for ending factory farming. It is a huge step in the right direction.

Armstrong EA, Bernstein M (2008) Culture, power, and institutions: a multi-institutional politics approach to social movements. Sociol Theory 26:74–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2008.00319.x In addition to moral outrage, there is ample experimental evidence that peer pressure strongly motivates behaviour across areas of life including teenage drug use, music preferences, and household energy use (Asch, 1956; Hansen and Graham, 1991; Salganik et al., 2006; Schultz et al., 2007). Social pressure, from both authorities and peers, has been implicated in a variety of historical tragedies such as the Salem Witch Trials and the Holocaust. At the end of Animal Farm, Pilkington and other human farmers come to eat dinner with the pigs at the farmhouse. As the other animals watch through the window, they find they are unable to tell pigs and humans apart. The pigs have started to dress and behave exactly like humans. The book’s final image expresses the animals’ realization that the pigs have become as cruel and oppressive as human farmers. The ending also makes the argument that political power is always the same, whoever has it and whatever ideology is used to justify it. Powerful people are cruel and selfish whether they’re pigs or humans, Communists or capitalists. Above all, the ending suggests that all powerful people are liars and manipulators. In our last glimpse of the dinner party, Mr. Pilkington and Napoleon are arguing because they have both tried to cheat at a card game in the same way at the same time. The ending doesn’t offer much hope for a workable political system with true equality for all. Rather, the ending posits that the corrupting nature of power dooms all political systems to failure.Reese J (2017) Survey of US attitudes towards animal farming and animal-free food October 2017. Sentience Institute. http://www.sentienceinstitute.org/animal-farming-attitudes-survey-2017. Accessed 22 Feb 2019 In addition to causing immense animal suffering, factory farming is also extremely harmful to human and environmental health. So by campaigning to end it, we're helping to shape a better future for animals, people and the planet. How do we do it? Factory farming has produced swine and avian flu (named because they most likely started from hog farms and poultry farms). These diseases along have killed thousands around the world. When Will I Be Able to Buy Clean Meat? When we consume “real” meat, we’re eating the muscle, fat, and other parts of the animal. Clean meat attempts to use the cells to grow muscle cells in a bioreactor, which I’ll cover in a minute, so it can be transformed into a meat product originating with real animal cells. But No Animal is Killed to Create Clean Meat