Dunstan SJ, Ho VA, Duc CM, Lanh MN, Phuong CX, et al. (2001) Typhoid fever and genetic polymorphisms at the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1. J Infect Dis 183: 1156–1160. Connor BA, Schwartz E (2005) Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travellers. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 623–628. Gallois A, Klein JR, Allen LA, Jones BD, Nauseef WM (2001) Salmonella pathogenicity island 2-encoded type III secretion system mediates exclusion of NADPH oxidase assembly from the phagosomal membrane. J Immunol 166: 5741–5748.

Ali, S. et al. PARK2/PACRG polymorphisms and susceptibility to typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 144, 425–431 (2006). Mortadella Bologna is a typical Italian sausage cooked from lardelli (cubes of fat), pig, and selected seasonings. Mortadella’s origins can be traced to ancient Bologna (the Etruscan city of Felsina and the surrounding territories rich in oak trees), which produced excellent tubers and acorns for the multiple local swine (domesticated and wild). In central Italy, however, the canon is the main sausage of Umbria and Tuscany. Umbrian sausage in particular uses fatty meats more abundantly and seasons them with salt, pepper and lots of garlic, in addition to red wine. It is used in dishes such as penne alla Norcina. In Emilia the flavors begin to be more delicate, and the percentage of fatty meats reduces. In the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines a common sausage of the past was salsiccia matta, or crazy sausage, which was produced with the waste of the waste: meat infiltrated with blood, cheek, lung, spleen, heart and kidney, then eaten stewed or in a pot with beans. Sausage with Savoy cabbage Thiennimitr P, Winter SE, Baumler AJ (2012) Salmonella, the host and its microbiota. Curr Opin Immunol 15: 108–114.Galan JE (1999) Interaction of Salmonella with host cells through the centisome 63 type III secretion system. Curr Opin Microbiol 2: 46–50. Holt KE, Phan MD, Baker S, Duy PT, Nga TV, et al. (2011) Emergence of a globally dominant IncHI1 plasmid type associated with multiple drug resistant typhoid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1245 doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001245. Vazquez-Torres A, Xu Y, Jones-Carson J, Holden DW, Lucia SM, et al. (2000) Salmonella pathogenicity island 2-dependent evasion of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Science 287: 1655–1658. Libby SJ, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, McClelland M, et al. (2010) Humanized nonobese diabetic-scid IL2rgammanull mice are susceptible to lethal Salmonella Typhi infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 15589–15594.

MacLennan, C. A., Martin, L. B. & Micoli, F. Vaccines against invasive Salmonella disease: current status and future directions. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 10, 1478–1493 (2014). Kupz, A. et al. Contribution of Thy1 + NK cells to protective IFN-γ production during Salmonella typhimurium infections. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 2252–2257 (2013). Salmonella bacteria live in the gut of many farm animals. During rearing, slaughter and processing, the bacteria can be transferred into food products. The great city of Bologna, called La Grassa (meaning the fat one), is the home of this famous sausage, as suggested by its full name. However, manufacturing takes place throughout central-northern Italy (Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Marche, Lombardy, Tuscany, Lazio, and Trento). SoppressataWu S, Li Y, Xu Y, Li Q, Chu Y, et al. (2010) A Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi plasmid induces rapid and massive apoptosis in infected macrophages. Cell Mol Immunol 7: 271–278. Kayagaki, N. et al. Noncanonical inflammasome activation by intracellular LPS independent of TLR4. Science 341, 1246–1249 (2013). Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Senftenberg Infections Linked to Wonderful Pistachios, 2016 plus icon Salmonella are a group of bacteria that cause food poisoning by affecting the intestinal tract. There are approximately 2,400 types of Salmonella bacteria, but the most common are Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. A Salmonella infection is also known as salmonellosis.

Hooke, W., Kaye, D. & Gill, F. A. Factors influencing host resistance to Salmonella infection. The effects of hemolysis and erythrophagocytosis. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 78, 230–241 (1967). Gordon, M. A. et al. Epidemics of invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection associated with multidrug resistance among adults and children in Malawi. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, 963–969 (2008). Repurposing diphenylbutylpiperidine-class antipsychotic drugs for host-directed therapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella enterica infectionsThe salmonella bacteria was named after Daniel E. Salmon, a veterinarian who spent his career studying animal diseases for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kawai, T., Adachi, O., Ogawa, T., Takeda, K. & Akira, S. Unresponsiveness of MyD88-deficient mice to endotoxin. Immunity 11, 115–122 (1999). In this Review, we discuss data from population-based studies of enteric fever and primary immunodeficiencies resulting in susceptibility to iNTS disease. These studies are presented in the context of the well-defined mouse model of invasive Salmonella infection. Hernandez LD, Pypaert M, Flavell RA, Galan JE (2003) A Salmonella protein causes macrophage cell death by inducing autophagy. J Cell Biol 163: 1123–1131. Mabey, D. C., Brown, A. & Greenwood, B. M. Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Salmonella infections in Gambian children. J. Infect. Dis. 155, 1319–1321 (1987).

Hue, N. T. et al. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and typhoid fever in vietnam. PLoS ONE 4, e4800 (2009). Levy, J., Espanol-Boren, T., Thomas, C. & Fischer, A. Clinical spectrum of X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. J. Pediatr. 131, 47–54 (1997). Deng W, Liou SR, Plunkett G III, Mayhew GF, Rose DJ, et al. (2003) Comparative genomics of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains Ty2 and CT18. J Bacteriol 185: 2330–2337. Arpaia, N. et al. TLR signaling is required for Salmonella typhimurium virulence. Cell 144, 675–688 (2011). MacLennan, C. A. & Levine, M. M. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in Africa: current status. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 11, 443–446 (2013).

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Brunetti, Gino, ed. (1981). Cucina mantovana di principi e di popolo. Testi antichi e ricette tradizionali. Mantova. [ISBN unspecified]. Ventricina is a well-known Italian cured sausage manufactured in the Molise and Abruzzo regions. This Italian delicacy is created in Abruzzo in two major, distinctly different kinds. Dorman, S. E. et al. Clinical features of dominant and recessive interferon γ receptor 1 deficiencies. Lancet 364, 2113–2121 (2004).