Archer, Stephanie K.; Kahn, Amanda S.; Thiess, Mary; Law, Lauren; Leys, Sally P.; Johannessen, Sophia C.; Layman, Craig A.; Burke, Lily; Dunham, Anya (24 September 2020). "Foundation Species Abundance Influences Food Web Topology on Glass Sponge Reefs". Frontiers in Marine Science. Frontiers Media SA. 7. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.549478. ISSN 2296-7745. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keep an eye out for the special offer for the week, each week is a different delicious flavour; stay up to date with the weekly flavours on offer, along with fabulous product launches and other company news by subscribing to our newsletter! We always include a gluten-free Sponge of the Week option, as well as a vegan one, so everyone can take advantage of these delicious discounts. Sponges do not have the complex immune systems of most other animals. However, they reject grafts from other species but accept them from other members of their own species. In a few marine species, gray cells play the leading role in rejection of foreign material. When invaded, they produce a chemical that stops movement of other cells in the affected area, thus preventing the intruder from using the sponge's internal transport systems. If the intrusion persists, the grey cells concentrate in the area and release toxins that kill all cells in the area. The "immune" system can stay in this activated state for up to three weeks. [23] Reproduction Asexual The freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustrisYahel G, Whitney F, Reiswig HM, Eerkes-Medrano DI, Leys SP (2007). "In situ feeding and metabolism of glass sponges (Hexactinellida, Porifera) studied in a deep temperate fjord with a remotely operated submersible". Limnology and Oceanography. 52 (1): 428–440. Bibcode: 2007LimOc..52..428Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.9627. doi: 10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0428. S2CID 86297053.

Magdalena (18 December 2020). "Utilizing sponge spicules in taxonomic, ecological and environmental reconstructions: a review". PeerJ. 8: e10601. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10601. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7751429. PMID 33384908.

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Janussen D, Steiner M, Zhu MY (2002). "New well-preserved scleritomes of Chancelloridae from the early Cambrian Yuanshan Formation (Chengjiang, China) and the middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale (Utah, USA) and paleobiological implications". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (4): 596–606. doi: 10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0596:NWPSOC>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 129127213. free text at Janussen D (2002). "(full text without images)". Journal of Paleontology. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-04. Collins AG (December 1998). "Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (26): 15458–63. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...9515458C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15458. PMC 28064. PMID 9860990. Caribbean sponges of the genus Aplysina suffer from Aplysina red band syndrome. This causes Aplysina to develop one or more rust-colored bands, sometimes with adjacent bands of necrotic tissue. These lesions may completely encircle branches of the sponge. The disease appears to be contagious and impacts approximately 10 percent of A. cauliformis on Bahamian reefs. [59] The rust-colored bands are caused by a cyanobacterium, but it is unknown whether this organism actually causes the disease. [59] [60] Collaboration with other organisms The simplest body structure in sponges is a tube or vase shape known as "asconoid", but this severely limits the size of the animal. The body structure is characterized by a stalk-like spongocoel surrounded by a single layer of choanocytes. If it is simply scaled up, the ratio of its volume to surface area increases, because surface increases as the square of length or width while volume increases proportionally to the cube. The amount of tissue that needs food and oxygen is determined by the volume, but the pumping capacity that supplies food and oxygen depends on the area covered by choanocytes. Asconoid sponges seldom exceed 1mm (0.039in) in diameter. [21] Diagram of a syconoid sponge