The Department of Racial Hygiene and Population Biology began to experiment on Romani to determine criteria for their racial classification. [28] Gerlach, Christian (2016). The Extermination of the European Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88078-7. Staff (9 September 2016). "British school students 'stole Auschwitz artefacts' ". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016.

The escapees included 396 Polish men and 10 Polish women; 164 men from the Soviet Union (including 50 prisoners of war), and 15 women; 112 Jewish men and three Jewish women; 36 Romani/Sinti men and two women; 22 German men and nine women; 19 Czech men and four women; two Austrian men; one Yugoslav woman and one man; and 15 other men and one woman. [257] Davies, Christian (27 June 2018). "Poland makes partial U-turn on Holocaust law after Israel row". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019 . Retrieved 9 March 2019. a b "Otto Rosenberg; Gypsy Survived Nazi Death Camps". Los Angeles Times. 2001-07-13 . Retrieved 2020-01-25.Braun survived forced labour service and incarceration in Auschwitz. In the 1980s, he gave a testimony of his experiences, a copy of which is held by the Library.

Didi-Huberman, Georges (2008) [2003]. Images in Spite of All: Four Photographs from Auschwitz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Harassment and economic pressure encouraged Jews to leave Germany; their businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden from advertising in newspapers, and deprived of government contracts. [13] On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Nuremberg Laws. One, the Reich Citizenship Law, defined as citizens those of "German or related blood who demonstrate by their behaviour that they are willing and suitable to serve the German People and Reich faithfully", and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor prohibited marriage and extramarital relations between those with "German or related blood" and Jews. [14] Otto Rosenberg is 9 and living in Berlin, poor but happy, when his family are first detained. All around them, Sinti and Roma families are being torn from their homes by Nazis , leaving behind schools, jobs, friends, and businesses to live in forced encampments outside the city. One by one, families are broken up, adults and children disappear or are 'sent East'. Donert, Celia, and Eve Rosenhaft, eds. The Legacies of the Romani Genocide in Europe since 1945. London: Routledge, 2021. While the genocide of the Jews could not be denied, Romani victims of mass killings in Ukraine were simply “peaceful Soviet civilians” in official parlance. Socialist states were generally more ready to grant rights to Roma, and the drive for reconstruction provided work and upward mobility; many Slovak Roma migrated to the more industrial west of Czechoslovakia, replacing the decimated Czech Roma population. But this “integration” nearly always came at the price of the expectation that they settle down, often in segregated communities, and abandon their traditional ways of life.

Hungary: Shooting a pregnant woman with a machine gun

German doctors performed a variety of experiments on prisoners at Auschwitz. SS doctors tested the efficacy of X-rays as a sterilization device by administering large doses to female prisoners. Carl Clauberg injected chemicals into women's uteruses in an effort to glue them shut. Prisoners were infected with spotted fever for vaccination research and exposed to toxic substances to study the effects. [154] In one experiment, Bayer—then part of IG Farben—paid RM 150 each for 150 female inmates from Auschwitz (the camp had asked for RM 200 per woman), who were transferred to a Bayer facility to test an anesthetic. A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price." The Bayer research was led at Auschwitz by Helmuth Vetter of Bayer/IG Farben, who was also an Auschwitz physician and SS captain, and by Auschwitz physicians Friedrich Entress and Eduard Wirths. [155] Defendants during the Doctors' trial, Nuremberg, 1946–1947 The 1926 "Law for the Fight Against Gypsies, Vagrants and the Workshy" was enforced in Bavaria, and became the national norm by 1929. It stipulated that groups identifying as 'Gypsies' avoid all travel to the region. Those already living in the area were to "be kept under control so that there [was] no longer anything to fear from them with regard to safety in the land." [22] They were forbidden from "roam[ing] about or camp[ing] in bands", and those "unable to prove regular employment" risked being sent to forced labor for up to two years. Astor, Maggie (12 April 2018). "Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Romani children in an orphanage in Germany". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023 . Retrieved 2 February 2019. The newsletter of a small organization of Sinti founded in Munich in 1946 to press for recognition and justice was tellingly entitled Die Vergessenen (The Forgotten Ones), and the organization itself did not last long. But in fact some authorities very soon found ways of denying help to “Gypsies”; in 1946, the Bremen and Hannover governments made public support for Nazi victims dependent on evidence that they had a permanent job.

In Nazi Germany, its occupied territories and its allied states between 1935 and 1945, Romani groups—who were already subject to a long history of discrimination—experienced forms of intensified harassment, internment, exploitation, and persecution, culminating in mass murder. Campaigns of cultural and physical genocide all over Europe led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands and the blighting of the lives of many more. Existing data confirm that of those living in Greater Germany in 1939, about 70 percent of German, 80 percent of Austrian, and as many as 90 percent of Czech Sinti and Roma perished. Of territories subject to German occupation and domination, Poland lost around 45 percent, Ukraine 75 percent, Estonia 90 percent, Latvia 60 percent, and the remaining Soviet Union 35 percent of their Romani populations as a direct result of the persecution.The unloading ramps and selections". Auschwitz-Birkenau State. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Jewish women and children from Hungary walking toward the gas chamber, Auschwitz II, May/June 1944. The gate on the left leads to sector BI, the oldest part of the camp. [196] It was published as A Gypsy in Auschwitz in 1999, translated into English by Helmut Bölger. The book features an introduction from former Lord Mayor of Berlin Klaus Schütz. [3] Butturini, Paula (15 November 1989). "Kohl visits Auschwitz, vows no repetition of 'unspeakable harm' ". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. In the early years following the war, compensation was often denied to Roma and Sinti victims on this basis, despite extensive evidence that they were in fact persecuted as part of a campaign of targeted and ultimately genocidal racism. Nazi racial ideology

Staff (27 January 2015). "Auschwitz 70th anniversary: Survivors warn of new crimes". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015. a b "Stigmatized as a "Gypsy" from an Early Age". Arolsen Archives. 2018-08-01 . Retrieved 2020-01-25. Krakowski, Shmuel (1998) [1994]. "The Satellite Camps". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 50–60. ISBN 0-253-32684-2.

Hobbies

Roma and Sinti prisoners were used primarily for construction work. [4] Thousands died of typhus and noma due to overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and malnutrition. [3] Anywhere from 1,400 to 3,000 prisoners were transferred to other concentration camps before the murder of the remaining population. [a] Rabbi unhappy at Auschwitz cross decision". BBC News. 27 August 1998. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020 . Retrieved 27 January 2019. General Assembly designates International Holocaust Remembrance Day". UN News. 1 November 2005. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018.