Jones, J. A.; Mosca, M. (August 1998). "Implementation of a Quantum Algorithm to Solve Deutsch's Problem on a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Computer". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 109 (5): 1648–1653. arXiv: quant-ph/9801027. doi: 10.1063/1.476739. ISSN 0021-9606. S2CID 19348964. This pretty conclusively shows that the explanation for the Kaku phenomenon is simply that he has no idea what he is talking about.

The runaway success of the microchip processor may be nearing its end, with profound implications for our economy, society and way of life, even leaving Silicon Valley as a new Rust Belt, its technology obsolete. Step forward the quantum computer, which harnesses the power and complexity of the atomic realm, and may be useful in solving humanity's greatest challenges from climate change, to global starvation, to incurable diseases. Humanity's next great technological achievement already promises to be every bit as revolutionary as the transistor and microchip once were. Its unprecedented gains in computing power and unique ability to simulate the physical universe herald advances that could change every aspect of our lives. If the reader is a bit suspicious of both the future of computing and AI and how it will affect our lives, Kaku’s effort is heads above the numerous books I’ve read on quantum computing work, separately, and the great potential when working together. Kaku produces great insights and explanations of how they work together. As a physicist, his investigation clears up many of the challenging technical issues that are glossed over by non-scientist authors. This is a huge differentiator. This experiment certainly could possibly give a negative answer to the question: is the BFSS matrix model the same as one formulation of type IIA string theory. Negative answers can be valuable. Have you been feeling anxious about technology lately? If so, you’re in good company. The United Nations has urged all governments to implement a set of rules designed to rein in artificial intelligence. An open letter, signed by such luminaries as Yuval Noah Harari and Elon Musk, called for research into the most advanced AI to be paused and measures taken to ensure it remains “safe … trustworthy, and loyal”. These pangs followed the launch last year of ChatGPT, a chatbot that can write you an essay on Milton as easily as it can generate a recipe for everything you happen to have in your cupboard that evening.Aaronson, Scott (2019-10-30). "Opinion | Why Google's Quantum Supremacy Milestone Matters (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-12-07. The difficulty of proving what cannot be done with classical computing is a common problem in definitively demonstrating quantum supremacy. Contrary to decision problems that require yes or no answers, sampling problems ask for samples from probability distributions. [65] If there is a classical algorithm that can efficiently sample from the output of an arbitrary quantum circuit, the polynomial hierarchy would collapse to the third level, which is generally considered to be very unlikely. [11] [12] Boson sampling is a more specific proposal, the classical hardness of which depends upon the intractability of calculating the permanent of a large matrix with complex entries, which is a #P-complete problem. [66] The arguments used to reach this conclusion have been extended to IQP Sampling, [67] where only the conjecture that the average- and worst-case complexities of the problem are the same is needed, [65] as well as to Random Circuit Sampling, [12] which is the task replicated by the Google [39] and USTC research groups. [49] Proposed experiments [ edit ]

When tediously computing the paths taken by a mouse in a maze, a digital computer has to painfully analyze each possible path, one after the other. A quantum computer, however, simultaneously analyzes all possible paths at the same time." There is always a danger when discussing the potential benefits of Quantum technology that it becomes a panacea or a cure for everything. We must be careful that the word “ quantum” doesn’t become a prefix for any technology marketers want to push. Unlike, say, a faster CPU, Quantum is a radically different way to perform computation, and therefore, we cannot expect to get a new CPU chip and speed up everything. Only specific algorithms will likely ever show a quantum advantage; of course, we may find more, but right now, only certain particular operations can be (theoretically) run faster on a quantum machine than on a traditional or classical machine. Scientists still need to work on how to get data encoding working and Quantum RAM (QRAM) into reality. Some researchers have suggested that the term "quantum supremacy" should not be used, arguing that the word "supremacy" evokes distasteful comparisons to the racist belief of white supremacy. A controversial [92] [93] commentary article in the journal Nature signed by thirteen researchers asserts that the alternative phrase "quantum advantage" should be used instead. [94] [95] John Preskill, the professor of theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology who coined the term, has since clarified that the term was proposed to explicitly describe the moment that a quantum computer gains the ability to perform a task that a classical computer never could. He further explained that he specifically rejected the term "quantum advantage" as it did not fully encapsulate the meaning of his new term: the word "advantage" would imply that a computer with quantum supremacy would have a slight edge over a classical computer while the word "supremacy" better conveys complete ascendancy over any classical computer. "Quantum primacy" was coined in February 2021, in a Scientific American opinion piece as a more suitable replacement. [4] Nature's Philip Ball wrote in December 2020 that the term "quantum advantage" has "largely replaced" the term "quantum supremacy". [96] See also [ edit ] There’s hope, though. Mother nature achieves coherence at regular temperatures in a little process called photosynthesis. So scientists are studying how coherence is achieved in nature in the hope of finding a way to recreate the process in a computer. He discusses why our current supercomputers are unable to solve these problems and how quantum computers could. He breaks the problems down to their molecular levels to show how they could be solved with enough computational power.Zhong, Han-Sen; Deng, Yu-Hao; Qin, Jian; Wang, Hui; Chen, Ming-Cheng; Peng, Li-Chao; Luo, Yi-Han; Wu, Dian; Gong, Si-Qiu; Su, Hao; Hu, Yi (2021-10-25). "Phase-Programmable Gaussian Boson Sampling Using Stimulated Squeezed Light". Physical Review Letters. 127 (18): 180502. arXiv: 2106.15534. Bibcode: 2021PhRvL.127r0502Z. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.180502. PMID 34767431. S2CID 235669908.