Jensen, De Lamar, ed. Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company (2nd ed. 1991). Pope Francis made the remarks during a video conference with Russian Catholic youths gathered in St Petersburg last week. I think it’s hard for Westerners to grasp when he says things like this,” he told The Telegraph earlier this year. Francis (28 February 1518 – 10 August 1536): succeeded his mother Claude as Duke of Brittany, but died aged 18, unmarried with illegitimate issue.

After the League of Cognac failed, Francis concluded a secret alliance with the Landgrave of Hesse on 27 January 1534. This was directed against Charles V on the pretext of assisting the Duke of Württemberg to regain his traditional seat, from which Charles had removed him in 1519. Francis also obtained the help of the Ottoman Empire and after the death of Francesco II Sforza, ruler of Milan, renewed the contest in Italy in the Italian War of 1536–1538. This round of fighting, which had little result, was ended by the Truce of Nice. The agreement collapsed, however, which led to Francis' final attempt on Italy in the Italian War of 1542–1546. This time Francis managed to hold off the forces of CharlesV and HenryVIII. CharlesV was forced to sign the Treaty of Crépy because of his financial difficulties and conflicts with the Schmalkaldic League. [23] Relations with the New World and Asia [ edit ] The voyage of Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan al-Kamil and put an end to the conflict of the Fifth Crusade. [5] In 1223, he arranged for the first live nativity scene as part of the annual Christmas celebration in Greccio. [b] [6] [7] According to Christian tradition, in 1224 Francis received the stigmata during the apparition of a Seraphic angel in a religious ecstasy. [8] The Pope “certainly didn’t want to exalt imperialistic logic or government personalities, who were cited to indicate certain historic periods of reference”, Matteo Bruni, the Vatican spokesman, said in a statement.The first holy war was probably in October 312 CE when the Roman emperor Constantine saw a vision of the cross in the sky with this inscription "in hoc signo vinces" (in this sign you will win). His mother was French and that may be why he was known as Francesco (Francis), name with the possible meaning "Frenchman". During his reign, Francis kept two official mistresses at court. The first was Françoise de Foix, Countess of Châteaubriant. In 1526, she was replaced by the blonde-haired, cultured Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Duchess of Étampes, who, with the death of Queen Claude two years earlier, wielded far more political power at court than her predecessor had done. Another of his earlier mistresses was allegedly Mary Boleyn, mistress of King HenryVIII and sister of Henry's future wife, Anne Boleyn. [50] Francis I in films, stage and literature [ edit ]

O'Reilly, Elizabeth Boyle (1921). How France Built Her Cathedrals: A Study in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Harper & Brothers. p.265. Cholakian, Patricia Francis; Cholakian, Rouben Charles (2006). Marguerite de Navarre: mother of the Renaissance. Columbia University Press. p.49. ISBN 0231134126. Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, head of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church in Ukraine, said that the Pope’s remarks had caused “great pain and worry”. Francis took several steps to eradicate the monopoly of Latin as the language of knowledge. In 1530, he declared French the national language of the kingdom, and that same year opened the Collège des trois langues, or Collège Royal, following the recommendation of humanist Guillaume Budé. Students at the Collège could study Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic, then Arabic under Guillaume Postel beginning in 1539. [37] Initially, Francis was relatively tolerant of the new movement, despite burning several heretics at the Place Maubert in 1523. [39] He was influenced by his beloved sister Marguerite de Navarre, who was genuinely attracted by Luther's theology. [40] Francis even considered it politically useful, as it caused many German princes to turn against his enemy Charles V.Plats, John (1826). A New Universal Biography: Forming the first volume of series III. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p.301. a b c Gicquel, Yvonig [in French] (1986). Alain IX de Rohan, 1382–1462: un grand seigneur de l'âge d'or de la Bretagne (in French). Éditions Jean Picollec. p.480. ISBN 978-2864770718. Francis of Assisi, a 1961 film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the novel The Joyful Beggar by Louis de Wohl, starring Bradford Dillman as Francis. Dolores Hart, who plays Clare, later became a Benedictine nun.