Broadly speaking, party loyalty took precedence over educational background for the promotion of cadres to high-level administrative positions in Maoist China. His recent books include Cadre Country: How China became the Chinese Communist Party (2022), Taking the Low Road: China’s Influence in Australia’s States and Territories (edited, 2022), and Chinese Diaspora Charity and the Cantonese Pacific, 1850–1949 (edited with Hon-ming Yip, 2020).

Such cadres and leaders must be free from selfishness, from individualistic heroism, ostentation, sloth, passivity, and arrogant sectarianism, and they must be selfless national and class heroes; such are the qualities and the style of work demanded of the members, cadres and leaders of our Party. billion Chinese people are not simply prevent from having a say in how 'China' runs, they are not even part of the same system.John Fitzgerald is the author of Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia , awarded the Ernest Scott Prize of the Australian Historical Association, and Awakening China , awarded the Joseph Levenson Prize of the US Association for Asian Studies.

The China Yan'an Executive Leadership Academy in Yan'an, and the China Jinggangshan Executive Leadership Academy in Jinggangshan, both of which provide "training on revolutionary traditions and conditions" in China.With its eminent scholars and world-renowned library and archives, the Hoover Institution seeks to improve the human condition by advancing ideas that promote economic opportunity and prosperity while securing and safeguarding peace for America and all mankind. The government of China in its early years also drew upon intellectuals (those with a high school or above education) to fill the gaps in its cadres. Cadre Country: How China Became the Chinese Communist Party(NewSouth Books, 2022) places the spotlight on the nation’s 40 million cadres —the managers and government officials employed by the ruling Communist Party to protect its great enterprise – to show how the Communist Party operates in China and how the stories the party tells about itself are based on thin foundations. While nationwide data does not exist on the breakdown of cadre versus non-cadre membership, it appears that a large number of Party members were considered cadres at that time. He co-chairs the Hoover project on China’s Global Sharp Power and works closely with government and civil society partners to document and build resilience against authoritarian interference with democratic institutions.

The recruitment and deployment of cadres is one of the most important ways in which the party-state integrates itself with society and guides and directs the project of socialist transformation.By 1956, in part due to the Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns, most of these former officials had been dismissed. The cadre system is one of the few organs of the party-state which have functioned continuously during the PRC's history.