General Motors (GM) and Sumitomo Special Metals independently discovered the Nd 2Fe 14B compound almost simultaneously in 1984. [2] The research was initially driven by the high raw materials cost of SmCo permanent magnets, which had been developed earlier. GM focused on the development of melt-spun nanocrystalline Nd 2Fe 14B magnets, while Sumitomo developed full-density sintered Nd 2Fe 14B magnets. [9] In its pure form, neodymium has magnetic properties—specifically, it is antiferromagnetic—but only at low temperatures, below 19K (−254.2°C; −425.5°F). But some compounds of neodymium with transition metals such as iron are ferromagnetic, with Curie temperatures well above room temperature. These are used to make neodymium magnets. Penicott, Katie. "Magnetic Polymer Makes Its Debut." Physics Web Nov. 16, 2001. (Sept. 5, 2022) http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/5/11/11

The magnetic properties of materials are mainly due to the magnetic moments of their atoms' orbiting electrons. The magnetic moments of the nuclei of atoms are typically thousands of times smaller than the electrons' magnetic moments, so they are negligible in the context of the magnetization of materials. Nuclear magnetic moments are nevertheless very important in other contexts, particularly in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Domains that already pointed in the north-south direction become bigger as the domains around them get smaller. In ancient China, the earliest literary reference to magnetism lies in a 4th-century BC book named after its author, Guiguzi. [8] Swain, Frank (March 29, 2018). "How to remove a finger with two super magnets". The Sciencepunk Blog. Seed Media Group LLC . Retrieved 2009-06-28.Cooperative (Article 56), Cooperative association (Article 55), Limited cooperative association (LCA). In magnets, on the other hand, most or all the magnetic domains point in the same direction. Rather than canceling one another out, the microscopic magnetic fields combine to create one large magnetic field. The more domains point in the same direction, the stronger the overall field. Each domain's magnetic field extends from its north pole into the south pole of the domain ahead of it. The Heitler-London considerations can be generalized to the Heisenberg model of magnetism (Heisenberg 1928). Neodymium magnets have higher remanence, much higher coercivity and energy product, but often lower Curie temperature than other types of magnets. Special neodymium magnet alloys that include terbium and dysprosium have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures. [15] The table below compares the magnetic performance of neodymium magnets with other types of permanent magnets.

The magnetic domains rotate, allowing them to line up along the north-south lines of the magnetic field. As of 2012, 50,000 tons of neodymium magnets are produced officially each year in China, and 80,000 tons in a "company-by-company" build-up done in 2013. [28] China produces more than 95% of rare earth elements and produces about 76% of the world's total rare-earth magnets, as well as most of the world's neodymium. [29] [9] Applications [ edit ] Existing magnet applications [ edit ] Ring magnets Most hard disk drives incorporate strong magnets This manually-powered flashlight uses a neodymium magnet to generate electricity When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a Lorentz force F given by the cross product: [20] F = q ( v × B ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q(\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} )} Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)-A second type of rare earth magnet, it is comprised of samarium, cobalt, and iron. Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) magnets have high resistance to demagnetization, temperature stability, and are the second strongest permanent magnets available. Overland, Indra (2019-03-01). "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths". Energy Research & Social Science. 49: 36–40. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018. ISSN 2214-6296.In process industries, powerful neodymium magnets are used to catch foreign bodies and protect product and processes [32] By the 12th century, the Chinese were known to use the lodestone compass for navigation. They sculpted a directional spoon from lodestone in such a way that the handle of the spoon always pointed south. The greater forces exerted by rare-earth magnets create hazards that may not occur with other types of magnet. Neodymium magnets larger than a few cubic centimeters are strong enough to cause injuries to body parts pinched between two magnets, or a magnet and a ferrous metal surface, even causing broken bones. [41] Usually, when people talk about “magnetic metals,” they’re talking about ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic metals. But, if you include the conditional and weaker types of magnetism, many more metals (and some nonmetals) are magnetic. What Metals Are Magnetic?

Guth, Alan (1997). The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. Perseus. ISBN 978-0-201-32840-0. OCLC 38941224. . Ruthenium and the actinides (e.g., plutonium, neptunium) are ferromagnetic under certain conditions. What Metal Is the Strongest Magnet? Magnetic metals include some pure metallic elements and their alloys. Here is a list of some of the most magnetic metals:

Chemistry in its element: neodymium

What is a Strong Magnet?". The Magnetic Matters Blog. Adams Magnetic Products. October 5, 2012. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016 . Retrieved October 12, 2012. Optically induced magnetism is essentially the combination of optics and induced magnetism. Optics is the study of the behavior of light and induced magnetism is when an object is kept near a magnet and the object itself becomes magnetic [1]. Proponents offer several explanations for how this works. One is that the magnet attracts the iron found in hemoglobin in the blood, improving circulation to a specific area. Another is that the magnetic field somehow changes the structure of nearby cells. Bonded Nd-magnets are prepared by melt spinning a thin ribbon of the NdFeB alloy. The ribbon contains randomly oriented Nd 2Fe 14B nano-scale grains. This ribbon is then pulverized into particles, mixed with a polymer, and either compression- or injection-molded into bonded magnets. Cunningham, Aimee. "Magnet Makeover." Science News. Jan. 30, 2007. (Sept. 5, 2022) https://www.sciencenews.org/article/magnet-makeover