v 33 m / s ) 2 × ( r 96.6 k m ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {v}{33\ m/s}}\right) Cleaveland, Abbe; Kimball, H. H. (August 15, 1903). Monthly Weather Review - August 1903 (PDF). aoml.noaa.gov (Report). Vol.31 . Retrieved November 29, 2022.

MARINE INTELLIGENCE.; Cleared. Arrived. (Published 1862)". The New York Times. October 31, 1862. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved December 1, 2020. Landsea, Christopher (March 9, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Martin (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 2, 2023. a b David Roth (February 4, 2010). "Texas Hurricane History" (PDF). National Weather Service . Retrieved November 26, 2020. Multiple intensity metrics are used, including accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), the Hurricane Surge Index, the Hurricane Severity Index, the Power Dissipation Index (PDI), and integrated kinetic energy (IKE). ACE is a metric of the total energy a system has exerted over its lifespan. ACE is calculated by summing the squares of a cyclone's sustained wind speed, every six hours as long as the system is at or above tropical storm intensity and either tropical or subtropical. [69] The calculation of the PDI is similar in nature to ACE, with the major difference being that wind speeds are cubed rather than squared. [70] The Hurricane Surge Index is a metric of the potential damage a storm may inflict via storm surge. It is calculated by squaring the dividend of the storm's wind speed and a climatological value (33m/s or 74mph), and then multiplying that quantity by the dividend of the radius of hurricane-force winds and its climatological value (96.6km or 60.0mi). This can be represented in equation form as: Brown, Daniel P (April 17, 2021). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gamma (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved June 20, 2022.Vertical wind shear negatively affects tropical cyclone intensification by displacing moisture and heat from a system's center. [20] Low levels of vertical wind shear are most optimal for strengthening, while stronger wind shear induces weakening. [21] [22] Dry air entraining into a tropical cyclone's core has a negative effect on its development and intensity by diminishing atmospheric convection and introducing asymmetries in the storm's structure. [23] [24] [25] Symmetric, strong outflow leads to a faster rate of intensification than observed in other systems by mitigating local wind shear. [26] [27] [28] Weakening outflow is associated with the weakening of rainbands within a tropical cyclone. [29]

Rappaport, Edward N; Fernández-Partagás, Jose J (January 1995). NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47: The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1994 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved June 14, 2022. a b c Blake, Eric S; Beven II, John L (2015). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2010". Monthly Weather Review. 143 (9): 3329–3353. Bibcode: 2015MWRv..143.3329B. doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00264.1. Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Christopher W; Hafale, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thurm, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; Zaleski, Walt (February 1, 2012). "The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (PDF). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 13, 2016 . Retrieved May 24, 2018.Tropical cyclone intensity is based on wind speeds and pressure; relationships between winds and pressure are often used in determining the intensity of a storm. [6] Tropical cyclone scales such as the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale and Australia's scale (Bureau of Meteorology) only use wind speed for determining the category of a storm. [7] [8] The most intense storm on record is Typhoon Tip in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979, which reached a minimum pressure of 870 hPa (26 inHg) and maximum sustained wind speeds of 165kn (85m/s; 305km/h; 190mph). [9] The highest maximum sustained wind speed ever recorded was 185kn (95m/s; 345km/h; 215mph) in Hurricane Patricia in 2015—the most intense cyclone ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. [10] Factors that influence intensity