Lifespan.If food availability is restricted in early life this may result in delayed maturation and an extended lifespan (Boletzky, 1974). Mortality in females occurs after spawning, which can take several weeks to a few months (Guerra, 2006). Biannual life cycles have been observed frequently. In the English Channel, hatchlings born from July to September grew rapidly. The juveniles migrate from the inshore nursery grounds to overwintering in deeper waters. They return inshore as soon as they exhibit the first signs of sexual maturity (Guerra, 2006).

Lutz, H.L., Ramirez-Puebla, T., Abbo, L., Schlundt, C., Sjaarda, A.K., Durand, A., Hanlon, R.T., Gilbert, J. & Mark Welch, J.L., 2018. A simple microbiome in esophagus and gills of the European common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. bioRxiv440677; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/440677Turan, C& Yaglioglu, D, 2010. Population identification of common cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis) inferred from genetic, morphometric and cuttlebone chemistry data in the NE Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 74, 77-86. Häfker, N.S. 2012.Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on blood and tissue physiology of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Masters thesis.Universtität Bremen. National Trust, 2017. National Trust Species Records. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/opc6g1 accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.

Sensitivity assessment. It appears that adults and juvenile cuttlefish are able to survive in areas with a decrease from full salinity of ca.10 PSU. However, embryos appear to be more sensitive to a decrease in salinity and adults can reduce their spawning or have a decreased growth rate. The short life span of this species, an annual reproductive cycle and its high fecundity means that recovery should take a year. Therefore, resistance to this pressure is ‘Medium’. Resilience is probably ‘ Medium'and sensitivity is, therefore ‘ Medium‘. Frank, M.G., Waldrop, R.H., Dumoulin, M., Aton, S. & Boal, J.G., 2012. A preliminary analysis of sleep-like states in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. PLoS ONE, 7, e38125. Miramand, P. & Bentley, D., 1992. Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in tissues of two cephalopods, Eledone cirrhosa and Sepia officinalis, from the French coast of the English Channel. Marine Biology, 114, 407-414.Ho, J.-S., 1983. Metaxymolgus longicauda (Claus), a copepod associated with the cuttle-fish, Sepia officinalis L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63(1), 199-203. Benchmark. A decrease in one MNCR salinity category above the usual range of the biotope or habitat. Further detail Hanlon, R. & Forsythe, J.W., 1990. Diseases caused by microorganisms. Diseases of Marine Animals: Cephalopoda to Urochordata Kinne, 3, 23-46