A very common water-loving surfactant and emulsifier that helps to keep water and oil mixed nicely together. It also gives sensorial benefits to the formula and when used in cleansers, it helps to make them milder and gentler. If you wanna become a real HA-and-the-skin expert, you can read much more about the topic at hyaluronic acid (including penetration-questions, differences between high and low molecular weight versions and a bunch of references to scientific literature).

After 8 weeks there was a significant reduction of wrinkle depth and height and skin roughness has also improved greatly. Followed directions for introducing into routine and seems ok, no irritation and skin is good apart from a monthly visit blip. A light-feeling, volatile (meaning it does not absorb into the skin but evaporates from it) silicone that gives skin a unique, silky and non-greasy feel.Retinol is like a grandkid, it has to be converted (through two steps) in the skin to become retinoic acid. One last thing to mention is that there is also a manufacturer done clinical study (done on real people) that shows carnosine being effective against the damages caused by infrared (IR) radiation.

The basis for this claim is that it targets the same wrinkle forming mechanism ( wrinkles caused by facial muscle movement) as Botox, but the way it works is very different.Oh, and one more thing: glabridin seems to be also an antioxidant, which is just one more reason to be happy about licorice root extract on an ingredient list. As for skincare, it makes the skin silky smooth, creates a subtle gloss and forms a protective barrier (aka occlusive). Though its long name does not reveal it, this polymer molecule (big molecule from repeated subunits or monomers) is a relative to the super common, water-loving thickener, Carbomer. One more thing: the water used in cosmetics is purified and deionized (it means that almost all of the mineral ions inside it is removed). Yes, you are right, Retinal is the intermediate step between retinoic acid and retinol, meaning it needs only one conversion step to become active in the skin.