Takeo Kanade created the first "direct-drive arm" in 1981. The first of its kind, the arm's motors were contained within the robot itself, eliminating long transmissions. [90] NASA – Canadarm2 and the Mobile Servicing System". Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2007. National Inventor's Hall of Fame 2011 Inductee". Invent Now. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2011.

a b Hemal, Ashok K.; Menon, Mani (2018). Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery. Springer. p.8. ISBN 978-3-319-20645-5. A literate or 'reading robot' named Marge has intelligence that comes from software. She can read newspapers, find and correct misspelled words, learn about banks like Barclays, and understand that some restaurants are better places to eat than others. [77] For centuries, people have predicted that machines would make workers obsolete and increase unemployment, although the causes of unemployment are usually thought to be due to social policy. [133] [134] [135] Honda Debuts New ASIMO". Honda Worldwide. 13 December 2005. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2007.

What about autonomy in robots?

Remotely operated vehicles were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled torpedoes. The early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedoes by John Ericsson ( pneumatic), John Louis Lay (electric wire guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided). [39] Armin Krishnan (2016). Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons. Routledge. p.19. ISBN 978-1-317-10912-9. Robots fail to complete Grand Challenge – Mar 14, 2004". CNN. 6 May 2004 . Retrieved 12 September 2007. In 1974, Michael J. Freeman created Leachim, a robot teacher who was programmed with the class curricular, as well as certain biographical information on the 40 students whom Leachim was programmed to teach. [84] Leachim had the ability to synthesize human speech. [85] Leachim was tested in a fourth grade classroom in the Bronx borough of New York City. [86] Expected to operate for only seven days, the Sojourner rover finally shuts down after 83 days of operation in 1997. This small robot (only 23lbs or 10.5kg) performed semi-autonomous operations on the surface of Mars as part of the Mars Pathfinder mission; equipped with an obstacle avoidance program, Sojourner was capable of planning and navigating routes to study the surface of the planet. Sojourner's ability to navigate with little data about its environment and nearby surroundings allowed it to react to unplanned events and objects. [98]

a b "robotics". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2011. Early legends [ edit ] Miniature from a 14th-century manuscript of Pygmalion working on his sculpture Al-Arshani, Sarah (29 November 2021). "Researchers behind the world's first living robot have found a way to make it reproduce — by shaping it like Pac-Man". Business Insider. Over the last three decades, automobile factories have become dominated by robots. A typical factory contains hundreds of industrial robots working on fully automated production lines, with one robot for every ten human workers. On an automated production line, a vehicle chassis on a conveyor is welded, glued, painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robot stations. a b Armin Krishnan (2016). Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons. Routledge. p.20. ISBN 978-1-317-10912-9.Strong, J.S. (2007). Relics of the Buddha. Princeton University Press. pp.133–134, 143. ISBN 978-0-691-11764-5. Williams, Martyn (21 November 2000). "Technology – Sony unveils prototype humanoid robot – November 22, 2000". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2007. The decade also saw a boom in the capabilities of artificial intelligence. Over the course of the 2010s, the capacity of onboard computers used within robots increased to the point that robots could perform increasingly complex actions without human guidance, as well as independently process data in more complex ways. The growth of mobile data networks and increasing power of graphics cards for artificial intelligence applications also allowed robots to communicate with distant clusters in real time, effectively boosting the capability of even very simple robots to include cutting-edge artificial intelligence techniques. Rethink Robotics—founded by Rodney Brooks, previously with iRobot—introduced Baxter in September 2012; as an industrial robot designed to safely interact with neighboring human workers, and be programmable for performing simple tasks. [104] Baxters stop if they detect a human in the way of their robotic arms and have prominent off switches. Intended for sale to small businesses, they are promoted as the robotic analogue of the personal computer. [105] As of May2014 [update], 190 companies in the US have bought Baxters and they are being used commercially in the UK. [10] Robots in society TOPIO, a humanoid robot, played ping pong at Tokyo International Robot Exhibition (IREX) 2009. [106] [107]

The German V-1 flying bomb was equipped with systems for automatic guidance and range control, flying on a predetermined course (which could include a 90-degree turn) and entering a terminal dive after a predetermined distance. It was reported as being a 'robot' in contemporary descriptions [54] Modern autonomous robots In Renaissance Italy, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495. Da Vinci's notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as Leonardo's robot, able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw. [35] The design was probably based on anatomical research recorded in his Vitruvian Man. It is not known whether he attempted to build it. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Leonardo da Vinci may have been influenced by the classic automata of al-Jazari. [29] The first electronic autonomous robots with complex behaviour were created by William Grey Walter of the Burden Neurological Institute at Bristol, England in 1948 and 1949. He wanted to prove that rich connections between a small number of brain cells could give rise to very complex behaviors – essentially that the secret of how the brain worked lay in how it was wired up. His first robots, named Elmer and Elsie, were constructed between 1948 and 1949 and were often described as tortoises due to their shape and slow rate of movement. The three-wheeled tortoise robots were capable of phototaxis, by which they could find their way to a recharging station when they ran low on battery power.When the Greeks controlled Egypt, a succession of engineers who could construct automata established themselves in Alexandria. Starting with the polymath Ctesibius (285-222 BC), Alexandrian engineers left behind texts detailing workable automata powered by hydraulics or steam. Ctesibius built human-like automata, often these were used in religious ceremonies and the worship of deities. One of the last great Alexandrian engineers, Hero of Alexandria (10-70 CE) constructed an automata puppet theater, where the figurines and the stage sets moved by mechanical means. He described the construction of such automata in his treatise on pneumatics. [14] Alexandrian engineers constructed automata as reverence for humans' apparent command over nature and as tools for priests, but also started a tradition where automata were constructed for anyone who was wealthy enough and primarily for the entertainment of the rich. [15] Snider, Mike. "Boston Dynamics' latest robot video shows its 5-foot humanoid robot has moves like Simone Biles". USA TODAY . Retrieved 4 October 2022. In April 2001, the Canadarm2 was launched into orbit and attached to the International Space Station. The Canadarm2 is a larger, more capable version of the arm used by the Space Shuttle, and is hailed as "smarter". [103] Also in April, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Global Hawk made the first autonomous non-stop flight over the Pacific Ocean from Edwards Air Force Base in California to RAAF Base Edinburgh in Southern Australia. The flight was made in 22 hours. [104]

In 1941 and 1942, Isaac Asimov formulated the Three Laws of Robotics, and in the process coined the word "robotics". [ citation needed] In 1945 Vannevar Bush published As We May Think, an essay that investigated the potential of electronic data processing. He predicted the rise of computers, digital word processors, voice recognition and machine translation. He was later credited by Ted Nelson, the inventor of hypertext. [18] Julian Bigelow at The Princeton Institute for Advanced Study (left to right: Bigelow, Herman Goldstine, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and John von Neumann)

A simple definition of a robot

The Robot Hall of Fame: AIBO". Archived from the original on 6 September 2007 . Retrieved 31 August 2007. In 1939, the humanoid robot known as Elektro appeared at the World's Fair. [57] [58] Seven feet tall (2.1 m) and weighing 265 pounds (120kg), it could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words (using a 78-rpm record player), smoke cigarettes, blow up balloons, and move its head and arms. The body consisted of a steel gear cam and motor skeleton covered by an aluminium skin. [59] The introduction of transistors into computers in the mid-1950s reduced their size and increased performance. Therefore, computing and programming could be incorporated into a range of applications, including automation. [69] In 1959 researchers of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) demonstrated computer-assisted manufacturing. [70] 1960s [ edit ] ASIMO". Honda Worldwide – Technology. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2007.