Andrea Murschel, "The Structure and Function of Ptolemy's Physical Hypotheses of Planetary Motion," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 26(1995): 33–61. Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Adler, Mortimer J., eds. (1952). Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. Great Books of the Western World. Vol.16. Chicago, Ill: William Benton. Isaiah 40:22 says, “He sits enthroned above the circle of the earth, and its people are like grasshoppers. He stretches out the heavens like a canopy, and spreads them out like a tent to live in.” Even if “circle of the earth” is taken literally in this verse, it does not say that the earth is a sphere. Actually, it does not even say that the earth is a circle. The “circle of the earth” seems to refer to the heavens that appear to be a circular dome overhead. The parallelism of Hebrew poetry would indicate that the “circle of the earth” is the same as the “canopy” being stretched out. The heavens are pictured as a tent for the multitudes of earth to live in.

Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London.Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8. [ permanent dead link] A circle is associated with the “void” in Chinese cosmology, representing the space before anything existed. Out of th In 2020 all events stopped. It proved rather difficult to throw a sex party from 2 meters way, within your own household bubble...

In his Metaphysics, Aristotle developed a physical cosmology of spheres, based on the mathematical models of Eudoxus. In Aristotle's fully developed celestial model, the spherical Earth is at the centre of the universe and the planets are moved by either 47 or 55 interconnected spheres that form a unified planetary system, [19] whereas in the models of Eudoxus and Callippus each planet's individual set of spheres were not connected to those of the next planet. Aristotle says the exact number of spheres, and hence the number of movers, is to be determined by astronomical investigation, but he added additional spheres to those proposed by Eudoxus and Callippus, to counteract the motion of the outer spheres. Aristotle considers that these spheres are made of an unchanging fifth element, the aether. Each of these concentric spheres is moved by its own god—an unchanging divine unmoved mover, and who moves its sphere simply by virtue of being loved by it. [20] Ptolemaic model of the spheres for Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn with epicycle, eccentric deferent and equant point. Georg von Peuerbach, Theoricae novae planetarum, 1474. A circle in feng shui is a core shape that is used to invite uplifting and spiritual energy into the home. It represents the heavens and spiritual flow. Circles can make an area feel more open and inviting, bring a quality of freshness, and inspire new ideas and revelations. Grant, Edward, Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1994. ISBN 0-521-56509-X Koyré, Alexandre (1957). From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-60620-143-5. Taliaferro, Translator's Introduction to the Almagest, p,1; Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems, pp.160, 167.Larry Wright, "The Astronomy of Eudoxus: Geometry or Physics," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 4 (1973): 165–72. The emperor would pray for rain at the Circular Mound Altar in the hope that Heaven would grant fair weather and a good crop yield.