Blumstengel, S., Sadofev, S., Xu, C., Puls, J. & Henneberger, F. Converting Wannier into Frenkel excitons in an inorganic/organic hybrid semiconductor nanostructure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 237401 (2006). and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, Ð/ð in Faroese, and Ö/ö in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian. In Norwegian Ö/ö could be substituted for Ø/Ø which is the same sound/letter and is widely understood). Guo, S. et al. n-Doping of organic electronic materials using air-stable organometallics: a mechanistic study of reduction by dimeric sandwich compounds. Chem. Eur. J. 18, 14760 (2012). Since Romanian hardware keyboards are not widely available, Cristian Secară has created a driver that allows Romanian characters to be generated with a US-style keyboard in all versions of Windows prior to Vista through the use of the AltGr key modifier. [42] Greiner, M. T. et al. Universal energy-level alignment of molecules on metal oxides. Nat. Mater. 11, 76–81 (2012).

Rindermann, J. J. et al. Dependence of resonance energy transfer on exciton dimensionality. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 236805 (2011).Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with Polish letters (with diacritical marks) accessed directly (officially approved as "Typist's keyboard", Polish: klawiatura maszynistki, Polish Standard PN-87), which is mainly ignored in Poland as impractical (custom-made keyboards, e.g., those in the public sector as well as some Apple computers, present an exception to this paradigm); the "Polish programmer's" ( Polish: polski programisty) layout has become the de facto standard, used on virtually all computers sold on the Polish market.

In both the number line is identical to the American layout, beside ( ) being mirrored, and not including the key to the left of 1. Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other languages. There are a large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Latin script. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters, for example this QWERTY layout and the AZERTY layout. Olthof, S. et al. Ultralow doping in organic semiconductors: evidence of trap filling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 176601 (2012). The arrangement of the character input keys and the ⇧ Shift keys contained in this layout is specified in the US national standard ANSI- INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)), [18] where this layout is called " ASCII keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard.Next, we demonstrate the consequences of the energy level optimization for the balance of energy transfer versus interfacial charge separation at the hybrid interface ( Fig. 1). The inorganic part for this study consists of a ZnO/Zn 0.9Mg 0.1O quantum well (QW) structure grown by molecular-beam epitaxy 34. The role of the QW is to collect the electron-hole pairs injected into the inorganic component. The confinement-induced shift of the exciton energy in the 3.5-nm-wide ZnO QW is only in the 10 meV range and thus of no relevance in the present context. A thin (2 nm) Zn 0.9Mg 0.1O top barrier assures that electron-hole pairs in the QW are close enough to the L4P-sp3 organic layer for subsequent energy transfer, but avoids direct electronic coupling with the molecular states. The selected Mg content of 10% shifts the CBM (VBM) by 0.16 eV (0.06 eV) to higher (lower) energies as compared with ZnO (refs 35, 36). This gap-widening of the top barrier is very small compared with the much larger inorganic/organic type-II level offset, and charge separation leading to luminescence quenching is also expected for the pristine Zn 0.9Mg 0.1O/L4P-sp3 interface. When [RuCp*mes] + is inserted, the QW and the L4P-sp3 energy levels are essentially the same as in Fig. 4d, that is, well aligned, thus we also expect efficient energy transfer from the QW structure and subsequent light emission from L4P-sp3. Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand can prepare to type the next letter, making the process faster and more efficient. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only the left hand than the right hand. In fact, thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand [10] (the three most frequent letters in the English language, E T A, are all typed with the left hand). In addition, more typing strokes are done with the left hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left- handed people but disadvantageous for right-handed people. The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with the other Nordic countries: Software keyboards on touchscreen devices usually make the Polish diacritics available as one of the alternatives which show up after long-pressing the corresponding Latin letter. [34] [35] However, modern predictive text and autocorrection algorithms largely mitigate the need to type them directly on such devices. The following sections give general descriptions of QWERTY keyboard variants along with details specific to certain operating systems. The emphasis is on Microsoft Windows.

The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are reversed, and most punctuation marks are in different positions or are missing entirely. [6] 0 and 1 were omitted to simplify the design and reduce the manufacturing and maintenance costs; they were chosen specifically because they were "redundant" and could be recreated using other keys. Typists who learned on these machines learned the habit of using the uppercase letter I (or lowercase letter L) for the digit one, and the uppercase O for the zero. [7] These combinations are intended to be mnemonic and designed to be easy to remember: the circumflex accent (e.g. â) is similar to the free-standing circumflex (caret) ( There is also an alternative keyboard layout called Norwegian with Sámi, which allows for easier input of the characters required to write various Sámi languages. All the Sámi characters are accessed through the AltGr key.

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Vaynzof, Y., Bakulin, A., Gélinas, S. & Friend, R. H. Direct observation of photoinduced bound charge-pair states at an organic-inorganic semiconductor interface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 246605 (2012).

The QWERTY layout was devised and created in the early 1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes, a newspaper editor and printer who lived in Kenosha, Wisconsin. In October 1867, Sholes filed a patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soulé. [1] From Windows XP SP2 onwards, Microsoft has included a variant of the British QWERTY keyboard (the "United Kingdom Extended" keyboard layout) that can additionally generate several diacritical marks. This supports input on a standard physical UK keyboard for many languages without changing positions of frequently used keys, which is useful when working with text in Welsh, Scots Gaelic and Irish — languages native to parts of the UK ( Wales, parts of Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively). Blumstengel, S., Sadofev, S., Kirmse, H. & Henneberger, F. Extreme low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy of ZnO-based quantum structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 031907 (2011). DeClerq, David (October 1999). Trends in Small Arms and Light Weapons Development: Non-Proliferation and Arms Control Dimensions (PDF) (Report). Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada. p.29 . Retrieved 6 March 2022.

This article or section may need to be cleaned up or summarized because it has been split from/to List of QWERTY keyboard language variants. The Brazilian computer keyboard layout is specified in the ABNT NBR 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric portion) and 10347 (numeric portion) standards. a b Iraq: Turning a blind eye: The arming of the Popular Mobilization Units (PDF) (Report). Amnesty International. 5 January 2017. p.26. MDE 14/5386/2017. The AltGr and letter method used for acutes and cedillas does not work for applications which assign shortcut menu functions to these key combinations.