Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect.

We defined an adverse event as any untoward medical occurrence not necessarily having a causal relationship with the intervention but resulting in a dose reduction or discontinuation of the intervention (any time after commencement of the intervention) ( ICH‐GCP 1997). We planned to assess the presence of clinical heterogeneity by comparing effect estimates (please see Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity) in trial reports based on the presence of diabetes and NASH, and based on the co‐interventions (e. Two review authors (KG and OK, LB, DR, or AL) independently extracted the data below onto a pre‐piloted Microsoft Excel‐based data extraction form (after translation of non‐English articles). Number of participants with events for binary outcomes, mean and standard deviation for continuous outcomes, numbers of events and mean follow‐up period for count outcomes, and numbers of participants with events and mean follow‐up period for time‐to‐event outcomes. Many are the therapeutic activities carried out on the liver: cholagogue effect, choleretic effect, analgesic and antispasmodic effects on the bile ducts.This is because of multi‐arm trials and trials not involving 'no active intervention' as the control group. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increased in people with NASH cirrhosis compared to people with NAFLD without cirrhosis and compared to the general population: approximately 2% to 13% of people with NASH cirrhosis develop HCC in three to seven years ( White 2012). Reasons related to study design: Chang 2014; Singhal 2015; Semiserin 2016; Abenavoli 2017; Famouri 2017b; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04281121","term_id":"NCT04281121"}}NCT04281121. A total of 202 trials were included ( Miglio 2000; Uygun 2000; Harrison 2003; Kugelmas 2003; Deng 2005; Chande 2006; Chou 2006; Dufour 2006; Nobili 2006; Chen 2008; Spadaro 2008; Wang 2008; Zhu 2008; Abdelmalek 2009; Gomez 2009; Hashemi 2009; Nelson 2009; Fabbrini 2010; Khoshbaten 2010b; Li 2010; Malaguarnera 2010; Ruan 2010; Sanyal 2010; Aller 2011; Lavine 2011; Tan 2011; Vajro 2011; Basu 2012; Della Corte 2012; Gonciarz 2012; Loguercio 2012; Malaguarnera 2012; Panahi 2012; Basu 2013; Ghergherehchi 2013; Gianturco 2013; Illnait 2013; Magosso 2013; Nobili 2013; Saxena 2013; Shavakhi 2013; Wong 2013a; Wong 2013b; Aliashrafi 2014; Alisi 2014; Askari 2014; Byrne 2014; Celinski 2014; Chachay 2014; Eslamparast 2014; Farhangi 2014; Foroughi 2014; Martinez‐Rodriguez 2014; Sanyal 2014; Scorletti 2014; Sharifi 2014; Solhi 2014; Somi 2014; Akbarzadeh 2015; Aller 2015; Amiri‐Moghadam 2015; Argo 2015; Bae 2015; Bonfrate 2015; Boyraz 2015; Chen 2015a; Chen 2015b; Dasarathy 2015; Faghihzadeh 2015; Janczyk 2015; Orr 2015; Pacifico 2015; Qin 2015; Yan 2015; Zhang 2015; Asgharian 2016; Barchetta 2016; Boonyagard 2016; Della Corte 2016; Ebrahimi‐Mameghani 2016; Eghtesadi 2016; Ekhlasi 2016; Farsi 2016; Ferolla 2016; Guo 2016; Heeboll 2016; Hong 2016; Li 2016; Nabavi 2016; Naganuma 2016; Nogueira 2016; Panahi 2016; Pezeshki 2016; Rahimlou 2016; Rahmani 2016; Sepideh 2016; Yari 2016; Amiri 2017; Ashraf 2017; Behrouz 2017; Chan 2017; Chongsrisawat 2017; Ebrahimi‐Mameghani 2017; Famouri 2017a; Gavrilescu 2017; Hussain 2017; Jameshorani 2017; Javadi 2017; Jeong 2017; Kobyliak 2017; Manzhalii 2017; Mofidi 2017; Navekar 2017; Palamaru 2017; Sakpal 2017; Schattenberg 2017; Shahmohammadi 2017; Tabatabaee 2017; Wang 2017; Youshari 2017; Zohrer 2017; Ahn 2018; Amanat 2018; Amirkhizi 2018; Asghari 2018; Bakhshimoghaddam 2018; Bomhof 2018; Dabbaghmanesh 2018; Daneshi‐Maskooni 2018; Eriksson 2018; Geier 2018; Ghaffari 2018; Hosseini 2018; Javanmardi 2018; Kobyliak 2018; Lewis 2018; Oscarsson 2018; Pervez 2018; Sayari 2018; Taghvaei 2018; Tobin 2018; Wang 2018; Zamani 2018; Bril 2019; Cheraghpour 2019; Duseja 2019; Jazayeri‐Tehrani 2019; Abhari 2020; Afsharinasab 2020; Afzali 2020; Babaei 2020; Bahrami 2020; Barbakadze 2020; Boonyagard 2020; Cai 2020; Cerletti 2020; Climax 2020; Dallio 2020; Farzin 2020; Fathi 2020; Fernandez‐Travieso 2020; Ferro 2020; Hormoznejad 2020; Hoseini 2020; Hosseinabadi 2020; Kazemi 2020; Khutsishvili 2020; Kooshki 2020; Mansour 2020; Moradi 2020; Orang 2020; Parsi 2020; Pasdar 2020; Pervez 2020; Poparn 2020; Pour 2020; Rafie 2020; Sadrkabir 2020; Sangouni 2020; Scorletti 2020; Soleimani 2020; Song 2020; Tutunchi 2020; Yari 2020; Zanko 2020; Chiou 2021; Hong 2021; Izadi 2021; Kanoni 2021; Morvaridzadeh 2021; Poulos 2021; Soleimani 2021; EUCTR 2008‐008275‐34‐GB; EUCTR 2009‐017080‐41‐GB; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00816465","term_id":"NCT00816465"}}NCT00816465; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00845845","term_id":"NCT00845845"}}NCT00845845; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00941642","term_id":"NCT00941642"}}NCT00941642; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00977730","term_id":"NCT00977730"}}NCT00977730; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01083992","term_id":"NCT01083992"}}NCT01083992; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01623024","term_id":"NCT01623024"}}NCT01623024; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02690792","term_id":"NCT02690792"}}NCT02690792; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04411862","term_id":"NCT04411862"}}NCT04411862).

A total of 138 trials were at low risk of performance bias, as participants and healthcare providers were blinded; 46 trials, which did not provide sufficient information, were at unclear risk of performance bias; the remaining 18 trials were at high risk of performance bias, as it is clear that either participants or healthcare providers, or both, were not blinded. A total of 52 trials (3372 participants) reported mortality at maximal follow‐up of 2 to 28 months ( Wang 2008; Gomez 2009; Sanyal 2010; Vajro 2011; Malaguarnera 2012; Illnait 2013; Magosso 2013; Nobili 2013; Shavakhi 2013; Wong 2013a; Chachay 2014; Foroughi 2014; Sanyal 2014; Scorletti 2014; Somi 2014; Aller 2015; Bae 2015; Chen 2015a; Dasarathy 2015; Zhang 2015; Ferolla 2016; Heeboll 2016; Li 2016; Nabavi 2016; Yari 2016; Chan 2017; Famouri 2017a; Hussain 2017; Manzhalii 2017; Sakpal 2017; Schattenberg 2017; Shahmohammadi 2017; Bakhshimoghaddam 2018; Eriksson 2018; Kobyliak 2018; Lewis 2018; Oscarsson 2018; Taghvaei 2018; Zamani 2018; Bril 2019; Cheraghpour 2019; Duseja 2019; Jazayeri‐Tehrani 2019; Abhari 2020; Afzali 2020; Boonyagard 2020; Mansour 2020; Poparn 2020; Scorletti 2020; Yari 2020; Soleimani 2021; EUCTR 2008‐008275‐34‐GB).For this reason, we use cookies and third-party services to improve the services we offer, display relevant advertisments and receive usage statistics. Turmeric prevents the accumulation of fats in the liver and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.