Wolfskill, Lyle A.; Dunlap, Wayne A.; Gallaway, Bob M. "Handbook For Building Homes of Earth" (PDF). Texas Transportation Institute bulletin. No.21 (1453ed.). College Station, Texas, USA: Texas Transportation Institute . Retrieved October 6, 2017. An outstanding example of a rammed-earth edifice in Canada is St. Thomas Anglican Church in Shanty Bay, Ontario, erected between 1838 and 1841. During the Third Front campaign to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Planning Commission Director Li Fuchun project leaders to make do with what was available, including building rammed earth housing so that more resources could be directed to production. [19] :207 This policy came to be expressed through the slogan, "First build the factory and afterward housing." [19] :207 Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, completed in 2006 "Pisé" houses of rammed earth in Tabant, Morocco; the technique is called " tabut" there. Rammed-earth walls form part of the entrance edifice of the Eden Project in Cornwall, England, UK See also [ edit ] A feature often exploited with rammed earth structures is thermal mass. The thermal mass slows the movement of heat through the walls, then releases the heat when the surrounding temperature drops (at night). Thermal mass structures can even out temperature variations, creating a comfortable internal environment. Allinson, David; Hall, Matthew (2013-01-10). "Humidity buffering using stabilised rammed earth materials". {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help)

a b Hou, Li (2021). Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1. A typical Hmong house-building technique in the subtropical climate of Vietnam. Old rammed-earth wall with deterioration, in France Xujie, Liu; etal. (2002). Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (ed.). Chinese Architecture. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press and Beijing, China: New World Press. pp. 12–14, 21–2. ISBN 978-0-300-09559-3. OCLC 186413872.Construction material of damp subsoil The ruins of a Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth in Dunhuang, Province of Gansu, China, at the eastern end of the Silk Road. Rammed Earth Construction". Earth Structures. Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. [1] It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method.

a b c d e Cassell, Robert O. (17 December 2001). "A Traditional Research Paper: Rammed Earth Construction". Ashland Community and Technical College. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. The French term "pisé de terre" or "terre pisé" was sometimes used in English for architectural uses, especially in the 19th century.

Under its French name of pisé it is also a material for sculptures, usually small and made in molds. It has been especially used in Central Asia and Tibetan art, and sometimes in China. [2] Mixing cement with the soil can counteract sustainable benefits such as low embodied energy because manufacture of the cement itself creates 1.25 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of cement produced. [9] Although it has low greenhouse gas emissions in theory, transportation and the production of cement can add significantly [ quantify] to the overall emissions of modern rammed earth construction. The most basic kind of traditional rammed earth has very low greenhouse gas emissions but the more engineered and processed variant of rammed earth has the potential for significant emissions. [ citation needed] History [ edit ] A hangtu section of the Great Wall of China Rammed-earth edifice on a farm in France Rammed-earth walls have the colour and texture of natural earth. Moisture-impermeable finishes, such as cement render, are not used by some people because they impair the ability of a wall to desorb moisture, [7] which quality is necessary to preserve its strength. [ citation needed] Insulating a rammed earth structure can require careful thought. Often designers would like to keep the external face of the rammed earth exposed for aesthetic reasons. Insulating the structure in the inside of the building will lose all thermal mass benefits. It is more beneficial to insulate the structure on the outside of the building which will protect the rammed earth but also allow the building to benefit from thermal mass. In the 1800s, rammed earth was popularized in the United States by the book Rural Economy by S. W. Johnson. The technique was used to construct the Borough House Plantation [12] and the Church of the Holy Cross [13] in Stateburg, South Carolina, both being National Historic Landmarks.

The construction of an entire wall begins with a temporary frame, the "formwork", which is usually made of wood or plywood, as a mold for the desired shape and dimensions of each section of wall. The form must be durable and well braced, and the two opposing faces must be clamped together to prevent bulging or deformation caused by the large compressing forces. Formwork plays an important role in building rammed earth walls. Historically, wooden planks tied using rope were used to build walls. Modern builders use plywood and/or steel to build formwork. Keable, Rowland. "Rammed Earth – Pollution and Cement". Rammed Earth Consulting. London . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Constructed in 1821, the Borough House Plantation complex contains the oldest and largest collection of 'high style' pise de terre (rammed earth) buildings in the United States. Six of the 27 dependencies and portions of the main house were constructed using this ancient technique which was introduced to this country in 1806 through the book Rural Economy, by S. W. Johnson Edifices of the Borough House Plantation, Stateburg, South Carolina, erected in the 1820s. Holy Cross Episcopal Church in Stateburg, South Carolina, erected between 1850 and 1852

What does rammed earth construction look like?

Craterre - This French institute provides training in earth construction techniques and in conjunction with UNESCO seeks to disseminate scientific and technical know-how on earthen architecture. Betts, Morris Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) [1925]. "Farmers' Bulletin No. 1500: Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings - Rammed Earth Books - The Boden Hauser". The Boden Hauser. p.20. OCLC 600507592. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2012. Originally published by the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. An alternative version is at: Betts, Morris Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) [1925]. Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings. Denton, TX, USA: UNT Digital Library, University of North Texas. OCLC 600507592 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Rammed earth construction was both practically and ideologically important during the rapid construction of the Daqing oil field and the related development of Daqing. [17] :55 The "Daqing Spirit" represented deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. [18] :3 Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by Karl Marx because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor. [18] :3