The list of isotopes that contribute to natural radiation can be divided into those materials which come from the ground (terrestrial sources – the vast majority) and those which are produced as a result of the interaction of atmospheric gases with cosmic rays (cosmogenic). Granite, widely used as a cladding on city buildings and also architecturally in homes, contains an average of 3 ppm (40 Bq/kg) uranium and 17 ppm (70 Bq/kg) thorium. Radiation measurements on granite surfaces can show levels similar to those from low-grade uranium mine tailings. Table 8 shows some recorded activity concentrations for building materials. However some extreme values in excess of these have also been recorded. Tantalum usually occurs with the chemically-similar niobium, often in tantalite and columbite, coltan (columbite + tanatalite), or polychlore (niobium). Tantalum ores, often derived from pegmatites, comprise a wide variety of more than a hundred minerals, some of which contain uranium and/or thorium. Hence the mined ore and concentrate contain both these and their decay products in their crystal lattice. Concentration of the tantalum minerals is generally by gravity methods (as with mineral sands), so the lattice-bound radioisotope impurities if present will report with the concentrate.

Radioactive materials which occur naturally and where human activities increase the exposure of people to ionising radiation are known by the acronym 'NORM'. International Atomic Energy Agency, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM VII): Proceedings of an International Symposium Beijing, China, 22-26 April 2013, STI/PUB/1664, ISBN 9789201040145 (January 2015) Cooper, M. B. 2005 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Australian Industries - Review of Current Inventories and Future Generation, ERS-006, A Report prepared for the Radiation Health and Safety Advisory CouncilEuropean Commission (Directorate-General Environment, Radiation Protection) 2003, Radiation protection 132: MARINA II, Update of the MARINA Project on the radiological exposure of the European Community from radioactivity in North European marine waters Jonathan Meres follows up May Contain Nuts and May Cause Irritation with another laugh-out-loud story about Norm, a boy who can’t understand why everything always seems unfair… This is a hilarious book it's not one of those books that's funny cause it `poo` or `wee` in the title it is proper funny. I like this book as Norman thinks what he does is normal. It reminds me of when I'm at home when Norm is getting told of for stuff he hasn't done. Overall I would rate this book a 4 out of 5 as it has some sentences that don't make sense. I would recommend this book to all my friends and I have even read the 2nd and 3rd books in this series. Aidan

This funny illustrated book is an accessible read likely to find favour with fans of Wimpy Kid, Big Nate and Tom Gates. Gooding, T.D.; Smith, K. R.; Sear, L.K. 2006, A radiological study of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) from UK coal-fired power stations, joint paper by the Health Protection Agency and the United Kingdom Quality Ash Association (UKQAA) presented at the UKQAA's Ash Technology Conference 2006 (AshTech 2006) held in Birmingham, UK on 15-17 May 2006 NORM results from activities such as burning coal, making and using fertilisers, oil and gas production. In the USA, 858 million tonnes of coal was used in 2013 for electricity production. With an average content of 1.3 ppm uranium and 3.2 ppm thorium, US coal-fired electricity generation in that year gave rise to 1100 tonnes of uranium and 2700 tonnes of thorium in coal ash. In Victoria, Australia, some 65 million tonnes of brown coal is burned annually for electricity production. This contains about 1.6 ppm uranium and 3.0-3.5 ppm thorium, hence about 100 tonnes of uranium and 200 tonnes of thorium is buried in landfill each year in the Latrobe Valley. With increased uranium prices the uranium in ash becomes significant economically. In the 1960s and 1970s, some 1100 tU was recovered from coal ash in the USA.The feasibility depends on grade and the composition of the ash – high acid consumption makes recovery uneconomic.Language - this is for primary school-children, and they can wait to use mild profanity like 'Gordon-Flipping-Bennet.' That's very annoying.