Italy, Philae, Alexandria and Delos were worlds apart. Italy is at the sea's midpoint. To the east lies Delos, at the centre of the Cyclades. Alexandria perched on the Egyptian coast and the island of Philae sits in the Nile in Upper Egypt, just north of where the Aswan High Dam now stands. Mediterranean connectivity made travel across the varied, difficult topography that separated these places possible for those with the means. Yet connectivity alone was not responsible for the arrival of migrants from Italy to Delos and Egypt and the rise of their wide-ranging networks. The connections adumbrated above depended on disconnections like that of Delians from their homeland and the social, political and cultural worlds of which they were a part. Such disconnections were essential to the mechanics of empire. The Latin element of the course tends towards ‘grammar-translation’, with the explanation of new material followed by its consolidation in language exercises and the stories. Typically, the ‘Core Language’ sections commence with practice sentences and grammar explanations, followed by stories, which are all based on the cultural material covered in the introduction of the chapter, thus allowing students to utilise their recently gained cultural knowledge to aid them in translating. There is a focus on vocabulary learning before translation, and all the chapter's vocabulary is printed at the start of each ‘Core Language’ section, so that the translations are a means of reinforcing knowledge rather than generating it. In terms of the grammar sequencing, this course deviates from many other courses in several areas. The first tense that it introduces is the perfect tense, followed by the imperfect tense and then the present tense. This may perhaps help to avoid the common problem that many students who are new to Latin tend to automatically translate the present tense as a past tense in reading material of courses which introduce the present tense first. The course also introduces the ablative after the nominative and the accusative, and the present participle relatively early in chapter 5, with the aim of avoiding a bulge in grammar at any point. The pace of the grammar slows down in book 2, to allow more time for consolidation, with specific consolidation activities built into the final chapters. The Romans and Italians on Delos were deeply involved in trade and finance. Their language use in inscriptions shows strategic navigation: Greek to show their place in Hellenic society and relationships with local and regional elites, Latin to emphasise their ties to Rome. Footnote 56 Attuned to their recently acquired ease of movement, they deliberately drew attention to where they were and where they had been. For example, in the last half of the second century b.c.e., two groups of Romans and Italians — similar to those which Caesar and Ps.-Caesar would later describe — installed a statue to honour Lochos, son of Kallimedes, kinsman of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and Queen Cleopatra, on the dromos of the Sanctuary of Apollo. The dedication on its base described them as ‘the Roman shippers (ναύκληροι) and merchants (ἔμποροι) who, in the capture of Alexandria, were treated benevolently by King Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, god’. Footnote 57 Around 99 b.c.e., a statue base went up in the so-called Agora of the Italians. Footnote 58 Its Latin and Greek dedication described its authors as ‘the Italians who were at Alexandria’. Footnote 59 As inscriptions from across the Greek East and even Italy attest, the practice extended well beyond Delos. Footnote 60 In light of these migrants’ awareness of place, the graffito by Gaius Acutius that P. James discusses takes on a new look. The most fanciful explanation for primus — namely, that Acutius believed he was the first Roman citizen or Latin speaker to make it as far south as Upper Egypt, and that he knew the import of that position — begins to seem credible. The Romani claim to non-territorial nation status: recognition from an international legal perspective". The Journey of Symon Semeonis from Ireland to the Holy Land". Corpus of Electronic Texts. University College Cork. 2017.

According to a genetic study on the phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup H1a1a-M82 in 2012, the ancestors of present Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma. [23] Tchileva, Druzhemira (27 May 2004). "Emerging Romani Voices from Latin America". European Roma Rights Centre. In addition to pepper, De Romanis says, exports included both local products – ivory, pearls, spices such as malabathron – and those from other parts of India, including semi-precious stones, silks and the aromatic root nard. “These attest to commercial relationships nurtured with the Gangetic valley and east Himalayan regions.” Evers's Worlds Apart complements de Romanis's monograph with its focus on the role of trade and social networks in the systems of production, distribution and consumption that connected the Roman world and the Indian subcontinent. The volume draws on a range of evidence from 30 b.c.e. to the end of the sixth century c.e., a period that spans Augustus’ annexation of Egypt and the abandonment of the harbour of Berenike and eventually Egypt itself. The broad geographic and chronological scope of the study is punctuated by case studies. Romani people began immigrating to the United States during colonial times, with small groups settling in Virginia and French Louisiana. Larger-scale immigration began in the 1860s, with groups of Romnichal from Britain. [53] [54] 1997 Czech-Canadian exodus [ edit ]

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a b Bhanoo, Sindya N. (10 December 2012). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. De Romanis is broken down into two volumes. The first, dei et deae, is based around the gods and aspects of Roman religion, and the second, homines, focuses on Rome's history. The first thing to strike about this course is the ‘meatiness’ of it: the amount of learning material which it provides. Anyone teaching from this course will not go wanting for both cultural and language resources. The structure of the course is built around five strands, and each of the chapters follows this format: an ‘Introduction’, which provides cultural context to the theme of the chapter; ‘Sources to Study’, which each include four different ancient sources; ‘Questions for Discussion’; ‘Core Language’, containing the new language material for the chapter; and ‘Additional Language’, with further practice activities designed for a range of abilities. There is an impressive amount of material contained both in the cultural sections as well as the language sections, and particularly the ‘Additional Language’ section provides a lot of varied activities for language reinforcement. The structure of the chapter sections and the amount of material means that teachers will have to ‘curate’ the material a little more in a classroom environment, but as the authors themselves suggest in the teacher's guide, it is unlikely that one class would do all the available exercises.

a b Smith, David James (2016). Only Horses from Wild. Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-365-19773-4– via Google Books.a b Marinov, Aleksandar G. (3 October 2019). Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective. Berghahn Books. p.31. ISBN 978-1-78920-362-2. It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC. An EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020 (Report). European Commission. 4 May 2011. COM(2011)173.

About the authors: Katharine Radice, Angela Cheetham and Sonja Kirk all teach Classics at the Stephen Perse Foundation, UK. George Lord is an independent scholar. Germany and Romania in Deportation Pact". The New York Times. 24 September 1992. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Such a debate comes down to what is meant by a city or urban settlement. According to Cherian, “Urban is a complicated word – to me, it means ‘organised’, ‘thought out’, ‘planned’.” And he sees evidence of this in Pattanam: “It was certainly a city, but of its time.” In the Soviet Union, the All-Russian Union of Gypsies was organized in 1925 and a journal, Romani Zorya ("Romani dawn"), was published two years later. The Romengiro Lav ("Romani word") writer's circle encouraged works by authors like Nikolay Aleksandrovich Pankov and Nina Dudarova. [27] Of a transfer of Apuan Ligurians from Liguria to Samnium in 180, Livy writes, ‘There was among the Samnites public land ( ager publicus) belonging to the Roman people, which had belonged to the Taurasini.’ Footnote 67 Before their transfer, the Apuani begged the consuls Marcus Baebius and Publius Cornelius that they ‘not be forced to give up their household gods, the settlements in which they had been born, the tombs of their ancestors’. Footnote 68 Liguria and Samnium may have shared some topographic features, but the deportees’ new home was unfamiliar to them. This robbed the Apuani of the specific places in which to conduct their rites and the means to pass them on. Footnote 69 New forms of land management would have further contributed to their epistemic losses. Lowland areas also gave Roman authorities an ease of surveillance and movement that Apennine topography did not. Footnote 70 Together, these factors imposed a fixity upon the Apuani that was previously unknown to them. Footnote 71Thakur, Harish K. (1 October 2013). "Theories of Roma Origins and the Bengal Linkage". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 4 (10). doi: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p22. Lewy, Guenter (2000). The Nazi persecution of the Gypsies. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512556-6. Some historians – such as Rajan Gurukkal, author of Rethinking Classical Indo-Roman Trade – have argued that Pattanam (which he believes is the location of Muziris) was likely nothing more elaborate than a colony of Mediterranean merchants, plus the inland traders and artisans who dealt with them. Gurukkal’s theory is based on the apparent absence of permanent structures, and the seeming disconnect of the materials and skills found at Pattanam with those of the wider region. He suggests the colony might even have been seasonal, inhabited only when ships arrived for trade. Bloomsbury Classics titles is partnering with Classoos during school closures and offering free digital access to the school textbooks – this includes the new de Romanis and also the OCR textbooks. After that, the assembly of Roman citizens ( conventus civium Romanorum) which was occupying Lissus, a town which Caesar had previously appointed ( attribuerat) to them and for which he provided fortification, received Antony and helped him with all things. Otacilius, fearing for himself, fled the town and went to Pompey. Footnote 36

a b c Knudsen, Marko D. "The History of the Roma: 2.5.4: 1647 to 1714". Die Geschichte der Roma. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2014. Daubner's view has a lineage. He cites Ramsey MacMullen's claim in Romanization in the Time of Augustus that Roman and Italian civilians ‘moved or lodged where they pleased, while fitting in not too badly’. Footnote 43 This opinion is similar to that of Robert Errington, who in 1988 argued that the ‘peaceful penetration of Greek social and state institutions by Rhomaioi’ had favourably transformed Greek economic, social and cultural institutions, on the one hand, and Roman and Italian identity on the other: ‘[they] often remained in their chosen Greek city so long and lived there with such enthusiasm that they obtained local citizenship’. Footnote 44 An earlier generation of historians includes Edward Gibbon, Francis Haverfield, René Cagnat and other colonial-era writers who saw Rome's presences overseas as essentially beneficial. Not coincidentally, their narratives resemble that of some Romans. ‘In fact’, Cicero declares in the Verrines, ‘our Roman businessmen ( negotiatores) are linked with the Sicilians in the closest way by daily interaction, material interests, common sense and friendly rapport’. Footnote 45 Bankston, Carl Leon (16 March 2019). Racial and Ethnic Relations in America: Ethnic entrepreneurship. Salem Press. ISBN 9780893566340– via Google Books. In the other direction, ships arrived with gold, coral, fine glassware, amphorae of wine, olive oil and the fermented fish sauce called garum. But the value of this trade was lopsided: De Romanis says Pliny the Elder estimated Rome’s annual deficit caused by imbalanced trade with India at 50m sesterces (500,000 gold coins of a little less than eight grammes), with “Muziris representing the lion’s share of it”. a b c Davies, Norman (1997). "Christendom in crisis". Europe: A History (2nded.). Random House. pp.387–388. ISBN 978-1-4070-9179-2 . Retrieved 16 December 2014.In 2005, the Decade of Roma Inclusion was launched in nine Central and Southeastern European countries, in an attempt to improve the socio-economic status and increase the social inclusion of the Romani minority across the region. [51] The project initiated important processes for Roma inclusion in Europe and provided the impetus for an EU-led effort to cover similar subject matter, the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020 (EU Framework). [52] Americas [ edit ] In the Roma language, "rom" means husband/man, while "romňi" means wife/woman, and thus "roma" means "husbands/people". Some theories suggest that the ancestors of the Romani were part of the military in northern India. One modern theory states that during the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni, defeated soldiers were moved west with their families into the Byzantine Empire, between AD 1000 and 1030. [9] Ling, Huping (2008). Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4341-3. The volumes reviewed in Section II demonstrate the continued prominence of concepts which pertain to connection and connectedness in the study of mobility in the Roman world. Footnote 24 While they have played a role in this strand of scholarship since the days of Braudel, they have enjoyed exceptional attention in the last twenty-five years through the development of frameworks like social network analysis, centre-periphery theory, globalisation theory and connectivity. Footnote 25 As the publications above show, their application to regions apart from the Mediterranean has enormous and relatively untapped potential.