The oil wells of Alsace; a discovery made more than a century ago. What a Pennsylvania operator saw abroad – primitive methods of obtaining oil – the process similar to that used in coal mining" (PDF). New York Times. February 23, 1880. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved June 15, 2018. Natural Resources Canada (May 2011). Canadian Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Petroleum Products: Review of 2009 & Outlook to 2030 (PDF) (Report). Ottawa: Government of Canada. p.9. ISBN 978-1-100-16436-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2013. Wachtmeister, Henrik; Henke, Petter; Höök, Mikael (2018). "Oil projections in retrospect: Revisions, accuracy and current uncertainty". Applied Energy. 220: 138–153. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.013.

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Sterling-denominated oil prices peaked in 2012, followed by a decline over 2013 to 2016, a recovery over 2017 to 2018, and another decline since then. At the end of 2020, sterling-denominated oil prices were less than 50 per cent of the levels seen in 2012Brent Blend, consisting of 15 oils from fields in the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea. The oil landed at Sullom Voe terminal in Shetland. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil, which forms a benchmark The Mysterious Origin and Supply of Oil". Live Science. October 11, 2005. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016.

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Dubai-Oman, used as a benchmark for the Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific regionThe production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works in the world with the first modern oil refinery. [26] Shale bings near Broxburn, three of a total of 19 in West Lothian, Scotland. The OPEC Reference Basket, a weighted average of oil blends from various OPEC (The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries As further layers settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperatures or pressures, or both. [79] [80] These phases are described in detail below. Non irritating : Without Sulfates (including Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Ammonium lauryl Sulfate), Chlorphenesin, Resorcinol & 2-Methylresorcinol, Retinyl Palmitate, Hydroquinone, Glycol Ethers (including Butoxyethanol, 2-Methoxyethanol, Dipropylene Glycol), Benzalkonium Chloride, MIT (Methylisothiazolinone), MCIT (Methylchloroisothiazolinone), Ethanolamines (Monoethanolamine: MEA, Triethanolamine: TEA, Diethanolamine: DEA, Cocamide DEA, Cocamide MEA, DEA-cetyl phosphate, DEA oleth-3 phosphate, Lauramide DEA, Linoleamide MEA, Myristamide DEA, Oleamide DEA, Stearamide MEA, TEA-lauryl sulfate, MIPA, DEA styrene/acrylates/DVB copolymer), O-Phenylphenol & Salts, Aminomethyl Propanol, PEG*, Potassium hydroxide, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide, Ethyl methacrylate, Butyl methacrylate, Hydroxypropyl methacrylate.

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Petroleum includes not only crude oil, but all liquid, gaseous and solid hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane exist as gases, while pentane and heavier hydrocarbons are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture. [58] Petrofiction or oil fiction, [192] is a genre of fiction focused on the role of petroleum in society. [193] See also [ edit ]a b Russell, Loris S. (2003). A Heritage of Light: Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3765-7.